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BYZANTIUM
1057-1204
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. EMPERORS 1057-1059, 1081-1185 . 4
MANUEL I 1143-1180, ALEXIOS II 1180-1183 . 34
Chapter 2. EMPERORS, DOUKAS . 44
A. ORIGINS, Anti-Emperor 913 . 44
B. EMPERORS 1059-1068, 1071-1078 . 52
KONSTANTINOS X 1059-1067, MIKHAEL VII 1071-1078 . 52
Chapter 3. EMPEROR, Diogenes 1068-1071 . 57
Chapter 4. EMPEROR, Botaneiates 1078-1081 . 61
Chapter 5. EMPERORS, Angelos 63
ISAAKIOS II 1185-1195 & 1203-1204, ALEXIOS III 1195-1203, ALEXIOS IV 1203-1204. 66
Chapter 6. EMPEROR, Murzuphlos 1204 . 75
Chapter 7. FAMILIES of ANTI-EMPERORS . 76
The Komnenos family of emperors succeeded in 1057 after Isaakios Komnenos defeated the imperial army of Emperor Mikhael VI Stratiotikos, the unpopular successor appointed by Empress Theodora. Years of corruption and outside aggression had depleted the empire of economic resources and territory. The recovery process was initiated during Emperor Isaakios's brief reign. However, during the interlude between his abdication in 1059 and the accession of Emperor Alexios I in 1081, the Doukas, Diogenes and Botaneiates families provided emperors. These were unsuccessful times for the empire, which was attacked by the Normans of Apulia in the west and the Seljuk Turks in the east, and in addition suffered incompetent internal government. Emperor Alexios resumed the process of reconstruction. He carried out a major reorganisation of the administration of the empire, aimed at lightening the bureaucracy, and introduced a range of new titles which he distributed to the numerous potential challengers from his own and other ex-imperial families: in descending order of precedence, sébastos, protosébastos, panhypersébastos, sébastohypertatos, pansébastohypertatos, and protopansébastohypertatos. The grand admiral of the fleet became megas dux, and the two domestikoi of the west and the east received the title megas domestikos. He also created the office of logothetis ton sekreton, in charge of all civil administration of the empire. The themes (regional provinces) were reduced in size and importance. The governors of the themes were henceforth all called dux, and their deputies katepan. The title strategos disappeared. Aiming to humiliate the senatorial class, Alexios also removed the need for acclamation by the senate after the election of the emperor [1].
The successors of Emperor Manuel Komnenos were unable to maintain their grip on power. Emperor Manuel's young son Alexios fell under the influence of his mother, a Latin princess from Antioch. Emperor Andronikos I, the last Komnenos emperor, is remembered for his cruel excesses in attempting to suppress opposition and in 1185 he was overthrown by Isaakios Angelos. Unfortunately for the future of the empire, the Angelos rulers proved to be corrupt and profligate. The Fourth Crusade in the early years of the 13th century was used by the western allies as a pretext to conquer Byzantium. In March 1204, the crusaders and the Venetians agreed to partition the empire: one quarter of its territory would be allocated to the newly created Latin empire of Constantinople, while the remainder would be divided equally between the leaders of the crusade and Venice. Venice renounced direct sovereignty over its share, which included Epirus, Acarnania, Etolia and Peloponnesos, but took direct possession of Durazzo and Ragusa on the Adriatic coast, the ports of Koron and Modon in Peloponnesos, and Adrianople. The crusaders took control of Constantinople 13 April 1204, massacring a large part of the population.
The Byzantine primary sources so far consulted in the preparation of the present document, which covers the period 1057 to 1204, are the Chronographia of Mikhael Psellos [2], the History of Ioannes Kinnamos [3], the History of Nikephoros Briennios [4], the History of Niketas Choniates [5], the Alexeiad of Anna Comnena [6], the History of Ephræmius [7], the History of Ioannes Zonaras [8], and the Annales of Georgios Akropolitos [9]. The extracts are quoted from the Latin translations, in the case of sources in the nineteenth century Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ series, rather than the original Greek (unless a conflict is obvious), because it is assumed that more users of Medieval Lands will be familiar with Latin than Greek (also because the compiler has only restricted knowledge of the Greek language). The on-line Prosopography of the Byzantine World database (2006.02) produced by King's College, London [10] has also been consulted, especially for Skylitzes and Skylitzes Continuatus (the original texts of which have not been seen) and seals. References in western primary sources to the Byzantine emperors and their families have also been incorporated. General historical information has been extracted and incorporated from secondary sources. As will be seen, there remain many relationships which have not yet been confirmed, particularly among the later generations of the younger branches of the Komnenos family. These have been reproduced in this document from the relevant tables in Europäische Stammtafeln [11], but the suspicion remains that some of the relationships were originally based on speculation, although final confirmation of this will have to await the identification and checking of more sources.
This document has been reviewed in detail by Morris Bierbrier, who has made additions and corrections where indicated ("MB" in the footnotes), and has also supplied a copy of the list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family [12]. I am very grateful for his helpful collaboration.
1. NIKEPHOROS Komnenos (-[1026]). Cedrenus records that Emperor Basileios II appointed "missus Nicephorus Comnenus protospatharius" as governor of Vaspurakan after dismissing "Basilium patricium Argyrum" [13]. Sturdza suggests that he was the son of Manuel "Erotikos" Komnenos by a supposed first marriage [14], but there is no primary source evidence has been found to support this [15]. Cedrenus records that Emperor Konstantinos VIII, after his accession (in 1025), recalled "Nicephorum Comnenum…qui Aspracaniæ præfectus…subegerat" to Constantinople and blinded him without just cause [16].
2. MANUEL "Erotikos" Komnenos, son of --- (-before 1025). A Thracian soldier, originally from Comne near Adrianople. He became a general in the army of Emperor Basileios II and received lands from him in the Castamon district of Paphlagonia, where he built the castle known as Castra Komnenon [17]. Cedrenus names "in Paphlagoniam Castamonem" as "domus Isaacii Comneni" but does not state that it was built by his father [18]. The Alexeiad names "Manuel, father of the previous emperor Isaakios Komnenos and his brother Ioannes (who was my grandfather on the paternal side)" when recording that he was "promoted supreme commander of all the east by the then emperor Basileios" [19]. Cedrenus records that "Manuelum Eroticum, nobili genere orto" fought in the war against Bardas Skleros, dated to [978] [20]. Nikephoros Bryennios records that Manuel entrusted his sons to the emperor (Basileios II) when dying [21]. m ([1005]) ---. The name of Manuel's wife is not known. Nikephoros Bryennios records that she had been dead for a long time when her husband entrusted their sons to the emperor [22]. Manuel Komnenos & his wife had three children:
a) ISAAKIOS Komnenos ([1005/10]-Studion monastery 1061). Nikephoros Bryennios names "maiori natu Isaacio…iunior Ioannes" as the two sons of "Comneni Manuelis" [23]. There is little indication about his date of birth but the chronology of the descendants of his brother Ioannes suggests that Isaakios may have been born in [1005/10]. The Alexeiad names "Manuel, father of the previous emperor Isaakios Komnenos and his brother Ioannes (who was my grandfather on the paternal side)" when recording that he was "promoted supreme commander of all the east by the then emperor Basileios" [24]. Domestikos 1042-[1054/57]. He led the troops which crushed the revolt of the generals of Asia. Cedrenus records that Empress Theodora sent "magistro Isaacio Comneno" to fight the Turks after her accession (in 1055) [25]. Cedrenus names "magister Isaacius Comnenus, magister Catacalo Ambustus" as leaders of the noble party in the army who opposed the succession of Emperor Mikhael VI Stratiotikos, adding that the latter had abrogated the appointment of "Catacalo Ambustus" as magister and "dux Antiochiæ" and replaced him by "Michaelum patruelem suum" [26]. Isaakios was acclaimed Emperor ISAAKIOS I on the plain of Gunaria in Paphlagonia 8 Jun 1057. Cedrenus records the acclamation 8 Jun "indictione 10" of Isaakios Komnenos as emperor [27]. He defeated the imperial army at Hades near Nikaia 20 Aug 1057. Isaakios's army marched on Constantinople, and Emperor Mikhael VI abdicated before Isaakios entered the city 1 Sep 1057, and was crowned there the same day by Patriarch Mikhael Keroularios. Despite a short reign, he succeeded in consolidating the military position of the empire. He practised all kinds of economy to restore financial stability, confiscating assets which had previously been distributed by his predecessors. The process included the confiscation of property donated to the church which led Isaakios into conflict with the Patriarch, culminating in the latter being sent into exile 8 Nov 1058. Isaakios abdicated 25 Dec 1059, due to illness, in favour of Konstantinos Doukas, President of the Senate, having first offered the throne to his younger brother Ioannes who refused it. He became a monk at the monastery of Studion. m EKATERINA of Bulgaria, daughter of IVAN VLADISLAV Tsar of the Bulgarians & his wife Marija --- (-convent of Myrelaion after 1061). Her parentage is deduced by reading Cedrenus, who names "Aarone Duca magistro magistro, fratre uxoris Comneni" [28] (although the origin of his being named "Doukas" has not been ascertained), together with Nikephoros Bryennios who records that "Isaacio" married "maxima natu filiarum Samuelis regis Bulgarorum…Aecatharinæ" [29]. It is chronologically improbable for Ekaterina to have been the daughter of Tsar Samuil, whose marriage is recorded in 970 (see BULGARIA). It is supposed therefore that she was the daughter of Samuil's successor, Ivan Vladislav, and that "Aarone Duca" named by Cedrenus was Ivan Vladislav´s son. She brought a substantial dowry to her husband [30]. Skylitzes records that advice from "Æcaterina Augusta" helped her husband decide on his abdication and that she "eiusque filia Maria" were tonsured "in palatiis Myrelæi" (the convent of Myrelaion), adding in a later passage that Empress Ekaterina adopted the monastic name HELENA [31]. Her death date is estimated from Psellos recording that "the empress" (whom he does not name) "a most remarkable woman, descended from a very noble family" was present with their daughter at her husband's deathbed [32]. Mikhael Glykas names "imperatrix Haecaterina cum Maria filia" when recording that they both became nuns "in mansionem Myrelæi" (in [1059]) [33]. Emperor Isaakios I & his wife had two children:
i) MANUEL Komnenos (-[1042/57]). Mikhael Glykas names "Manuelus et Maria" as the children of Emperor Isaakios [34]. Skylitzes names "Manuel et Maria" as the children of Emperor Isaakios [35]. m ---, daughter of --- Helios protospatharios & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.
ii) MARIA Komnene. Mikhael Glykas names "imperatrix Haecaterina cum Maria filia" when recording that they both became nuns "in mansionem Myrelæi" (in [1059]) [36]. Her parentage is confirmed by Psellos recording that "the empress" was present with their daughter at her husband's deathbed [37]. Skylitzes records that advice from "Æcaterina Augusta" helped her husband decide on his abdication and that she "eiusque filia Maria" were tonsured "in palatiis Myrelæi" [38].
b) daughter ([1012]-). Her parentage and marriage are deduced from the Alexeiad naming "Dokeianos, nephew of the former emperor Isaakios Komnenos and cousin of Alexios" when recording his approval of the humane treatment accorded to Roussel after the latter's rebellion was crushed, dated to 1073 [39]. m ([1031]) MIKHAEL Dokeianos, son of --- (-killed in battle Adrianople 1050). Patrikios protospatharios. Bestiarios. Prefect [Katepan] of Italy.
c) IOANNES Komnenos ([1015]-12 Jul 1067). Nikephoros Bryennios names "maiori natu Isaacio…iunior Ioannes" as the two sons of "Comneni Manuelis" [40]. His parentage is confirmed by the Alexeiad which describes Emperor Isaakios Komnenos as brother-in-law of Anna Dalassena, an earlier passage naming him Ioannes [41].
- see below.
IOANNES Komnenos, son of MANUEL Erotikos Komnenos & his wife --- ([1015]-12 Jul 1067). Nikephoros Bryennios names "maiori natu Isaacio…iunior Ioannes" as the two sons of "Comneni Manuelis" [42]. His parentage is confirmed by the Alexeiad which describes Emperor Isaakios Komnenos as brother-in-law of Anna Dalassena, an earlier passage naming him Ioannes [43]. Patrikios. Skylitzes records that Emperor Isaakios created "Joannem fratrem et Catacalon Combustum curopalatas" and "fratrem suum magnum domesticum" after his accession, in 1057 [44]. His brother abdicated in his favour 25 Dec 1059, but Ioannes refused the throne [45]. He became a monk as IOANNES. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "12 Jul, monk John father of Emperor" [46].
m ([1042]) ANNA Dalassena, daughter of ALEXIOS Kharon Prefect of Italy & his wife --- Dalassena (-1 Nov/27 Apr [1100/01]). Nikephoros Bryennios records the marriage of "Ioanni" and "filia Charonis Alexii…Anna", recording that her mother was "genus a Dalassenis" [47]. The Alexeiad names "Anna Dalassena, the mother of the Komneni" when recording that she arranged the marriage of "the grandson of Botaneiates and the daughter of Manuel her eldest son" [48]. Despoina 1048/57. Regent of Byzantium 1081 and 1094-1095. She became a nun at Pantopopte convent which she founded. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "1 Nov, Anna, mother of the Emperor" [49].
Ioannes Komnenos & his wife had eight children:
1. MANUEL Komnenos (-killed in battle Bithynia 17 Apr [1070/early 1071]). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Manuel, Isaacius, Alexius, Adrianus, Nicephorus" as the five sons of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [50]. The Alexeiad records that "Isaakios and Alexios had an elder brother Manuel, the first-born of all the children [of] Ioannes Komnenos" and that he was appointed "commander-in-chief of the whole of Asia" by Emperor Romanos Diogenes [51]. Nikephoros Bryennios records that "Manuel" was invested as "curopalates, dux summus Orientalium" by Emperor Romanos but was captured by the Turks "cum duobus sororem suarum viris, Melisseno et Taronita" [52]. Protoproedros. Kuropalates [1068]. Protostrator and strategos autokrator in Anatolia 1067/71. His death is dated from the Alexeiad recording that the mother of the future Emperor Alexios I prevented her son from campaigning with Emperor Romanos Diogenes because "she was mourning the recent death of her eldest son Manuel" [53]. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "17 Apr, Manuel brother of the Emperor" [54]. m ([1068]) --- Diogene, relative of ROMANOS Diogenes, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. The name of Manuel's wife is not known. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "15 May, Irene, wife of brother of the Emperor" [55], without specifying to which brother this refers. It is probable that it refers to Irena, wife of Isaakios. However, Irena is recorded as having become a nun as Xene and, as the list of obituaries mainly uses the monastic names of all individuals where relevant, it is not impossible that it relates to the wife of one of the emperor's other brothers, Manuel or Nikephoros, whose wives' names are not otherwise known. It is felt least likely that it refers to the wife of Manuel, as she probably remarried after her husband's early death and may not thereafter have been considered a member of the family whose death needed to be recorded in the list of obituaries. Manuel Komnenos & his wife had one child:
a) [ANNA] Komnene (1069-). The Alexeiad records that "Anna Dalassena, the mother of the Komneni" arranged the marriage of "the grandson of Botaneiates and the daughter of Manuel her eldest son" [56]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. Betrothed (1081) to --- [Botaneiates], grandson of Emperor NIKEPHOROS III Botaneiates, son of ---.
2. MARIA Komnene ([1045]-[18 Aug] ----). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Maria, Eudocia et Theodora" as the three daughters of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [57]. Nikephoros Bryennios records the marriage of "Ioannes…Comnenus curopalates…maior…natu [filia] Maria" and "Taronitæ Michaeli" [58]. Her origin is also deduced from the Alexeiad naming "Mikhael" as the husband of the niece of the Komnenoi brothers, although the text does not name her or her daughter [59]. The relationship is clarified in a later passage which records that "Taronites…had married the emperor's sister Maria" [60]. She became a nun as ANNA. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "18 Aug, Maria sister of Emperor" [61]. It is not certain that this refers to Maria, wife of Mikhael Taronites, as the list mainly uses monastic names where appropriate. In addition, the list appears not to include the names of married female members of the family, except for direct ancestors and the wives of males in the family. It is possible therefore that the entry refers to an older daughter Maria who died young. m (1062) MIKHAEL Taronites, son of --- & his wife --- [Aneme] (-[12 Mar] after [1094]).
3. ISAAKIOS Komnenos ([1047]-[1102/Nov 1104], before 1 Oct 1107). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Manuel, Isaacius, Alexius, Adrianus, Nicephorus" as the five sons of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [62]. The Alexeiad names "Isaakios and Alexios" when recording that they had "an elder brother Manuel, the first-born of all the children [of] Ioannes Komnenos" and states that Isaakios became "duke of Antioch after being elected by lot" [63]. He was captured fighting the Seljuk Turks in [1073] after Roussel de Bailleul and his troops mutinied [64]. Domestikos in Anatolia 1073. Nikephoros Bryennios records that "Isaacium Comnenum Alexii fratrem" was declared "ducem Antiochiæ" [65]. Dux of Antioch from 1074 to 1078. Sébastos 1078. The Alexeiad records that he was granted the new title of sébastokrator by his brother Emperor Alexios I in 1081, combining the words sébastos and autokrator, in order to give him precedence over their brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos [66]. Governor of Constantinople [1081/82]. He became a monk as IOANNES. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "19 Feb, monk John, brother of the Emperor" [67]. m ([1072/73]) [ IRENA], daughter of --- [of Georgia] & his wife --- (-[15 May] 1108). The Alexeiad records that Isaakios married the cousin of Empress Maria but does not name her [68]. She is named Eirene in Byzantine sources, but it is not known whether this was her original Georgian name. A seal dated to [1074/78] names "Eirene protoproedrissa daughter of the ruler of Alania" [69]. The primary source which confirms her precise parentage has not yet been identified. The Empress Maria is recorded on other primary sources as the daughter of Bagrat IV King of Georgia, probably by his second wife Borena of Ossetia. The relationship "cousin", specified by the Alexeiad, could indicate that Irena was more distantly related than first cousin, and in any case the connection could either be through the empress's maternal or paternal families. The question is further complicated by the second wife of Theodoros Gabras and Irena, wife of Isaakios Komnenos, being described as daughters of two brothers. As shown in the document GEORGIA, the primary sources so far consulted only name one brother of King Bagrat, Demetre. It is therefore more probable that the relationship between Irena and Empress Maria was through the family of the latter's supposed mother, who is described in the Georgian Chronicle (13th century) as the daughter of the Ossetian king. The primary sources so far consulted name only one brother of the Empress Maria's supposed mother, Durghulel, but this does not exclude there having been other brothers who are unrecorded. Until further information emerges from other primary sources, it is felt that further speculation on Irena's precise parentage would not be helpful. She became a nun as XENE. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "15 May, Irene, wife of brother of the Emperor" [70], without specifying to which brother this refers. It is probable that this refers to Irena, wife of Isaakios. However, she is recorded as having become a nun as Xene and, as the list of obituaries mainly uses the monastic names of all individuals where relevant, it is not impossible that this entry refers to the wife of one of the emperor's other brothers, Manuel or Nikephoros, whose names are not otherwise known. If the entry does not refer to the wife of Isaakios, there is no other entry in the list which could relate to her. The reason for her being excluded from the list would be unclear. Isaakios Komnenos & his wife had ten children:
a) [ANNA] Komnene. The poet Theodore Prodromos states that Isaakios's eldest daughter married a grandson of the cæsar Ioannes Doukas [71]. She is named Anna by Sturdza [72], but presumably this is an informed guess as it is the name which would normally have been given to Isaakios's eldest daughter in line with contemporary family naming patterns among Byzantine nobility (being the name of her paternal grandmother) [73]. An alternative possibility is that the oldest daughter, Anna, died young and that the wife of Doukas was the oldest surviving daughter. The name and precise parentage of her husband are not known. Polemis assumes that he was an otherwise unknown son of Konstantinos Doukas since he assumes that the brothers of Empress Eirene, sons of Andronikos Doukas, would not have married a niece of their sister's husband [74]. He is named Ioannes by Sturdza [75], but the basis for this is not known. m [---] Doukas, son of [KONSTANTINOS Doukas & his wife ---].
b) IOANNES Komnenos ([1073]-[1106]). The Alexeiad names "Ioannes the son of Isaakios the sebastocrator…Duke of Dyrrachium" when recording that the emperor instructed him to watch for the arrival of Hugues "Magnus" Comte de Vermandois [76]. He was appointed dux of Durrazzo in 1092 by his uncle Emperor Alexios I. He was accused of involvement in a plot against his uncle in 1092 [77]. The Alexeiad records that "John the sebastocrator's son" was defeated in Dalmatia, that the emperor "sent a considerable force to help him but Bolkan very craftily made inquiries about peace negotiations…[and] provided the hostages Alexius had demanded", dated to end 1104 from the context [78]. Protosébastos 1105. same person as…? IOANNES Komnenos . A transcript of tomb inscriptions from the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos, now Fethiye Camii, lists the individuals named below as descendants of the church's founders Ioannes Komnenos and Anna Doukaina [79]. There is doubt regarding the identity of this couple, as explained below.
- see below.
c) ALEXIOS Komnenos (-after 1143). The Alexeiad records that "the second son of the sebastocrator Isaakios" was appointed governor of Durazzo, naming him "Alexios, the emperor's nephew" in a later passage [80]. Dux of Durazzo 1105-1108. Pansébastos 1134/1143. m ZOE, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. She died after treatment by a magician [81]. Alexios & his wife had [two possible children]:
i) [IOANNES Komnenos . Magdalino names him as son of Alexios, and names his wife, but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified [82]. m EUDOKIA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified.]
ii) [MARIA Komnene . Magdalino names her as possible daughter of Alexios, and names her husband, but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified [83]. m MIKHAEL Branas .]
d) [MARIA] Komnene (-after 1091). The Alexeiad records the betrothal of "Gabras's son Gregory" to one of the (unnamed) daughters of "the sebastocrator Isaakios Komnenos" and states that the betrothal was terminated after the second marriage of Theodoros Gabras to the cousin of Isaakios's wife, which meant that the marriage was thereby prohibited under ecclesiastical law [84]. Sturdza names her Maria [85], but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. Betrothed ([1091]) to GREGORIOS Gabras, son of THEODOROS Gabras dux of Trebizond, who later married Maria daughter of Emperor Alexios I.
e) KONSTANTINOS Komnenos (-after [1147]). Theophylact of Ohrid sent a letter addressed to Konstantinos dux of Berroia, son of Isaakios [86]. Pansébastos. Megas drongarios [1136/43]-[1147]. m --- Antiochena Euphorbena, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her origin and marriage has not yet been identified. Konstantinos Komnenos & his wife had [three] children:
i) IOANNES Komnenos. He is attested as son of Konstantinos in a contemporary letter [87]. Sébastos. Monk.
ii) STEPHANOS Komnenos (-after 1156). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Pansébastos. Megas drongarios. Member of the Synod 26 Jan 1156. m ([1147/51]) EVDOKIA Axuchina, daughter of IOANNES Axuches [megas domestikos] & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Stephanos Komnenos & his wife had [four] children:
(a) KONSTANTINOS Komnenos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
(b) [EIRENE Komnene ([1155]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([1170]) ISAAKIOS Komnenos Batatzes, son of THEODOROS Batatzes, sébastohypertatos, dux of Cilicia & his wife Eudoxia Komnene. Blinded 1182.]
(c) [son (-young). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.]
(d) [son (-young). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.]
iii) [ISAAKIOS Komnenos . Magdalino, following Varzos, names him as son of Konstantinos, but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified [88].]
f) ADRIANOS Komnenos (-[1164]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Pansébastos. He became a monk as IOANNES. Metropolitan of Ochrid [1139/20 Aug 1143]-[13 May 1157/10 Feb 1164]. m ([1110]) ---. The name of Adrianos's wife is not known. Adrianos Komnenos & his wife had one child:
i) THEODORA Komnene ([1110]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ANDRONIKOS Kontostephanos, son of [ISAAKIOS Kontostephanos & his wife --- (-1156 or after).
g) SOPHIA Komnene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1108. She became a nun as SUZANNA. m NIKOLAOS Dokeianos, son of ---. Magdalino and Cheynet name him Theodoros, but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified [89]. Sébastos.
h) EVDOKIA Komnene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1108. m NIKEPHOROS Botaneiates, son of ---.
i) son (-young). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 1108.
4. EVDOKIA Komnene ([1050]-). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Maria, Eudocia et Theodora" as the three daughters of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [90]. Nikephoros Bryennios records the marriage of "Ioannes…Comnenus curopalates…Eudocia…secundo genita [filia]" and "Melisseno Nicephoro" [91]. The Alexeiad names Nikephoros Melissenos as the brother-in-law of Emperor Alexius but does not name his wife [92]. m (1067) NIKEPHOROS Melissenos, son of --- (-shortly after 1107 [93]).
5. THEODORA Komnene ([1053]-after [1094/95]). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Maria, Eudocia et Theodora" as the three daughters of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [94]. Nikephoros Bryennios records the marriage, after her father's death "matris voluntate", of "Ioannes…Comnenus curopalates…postrema Theodora [filia]" and "Constantino Diogenis iam imperatoris filio" [95]. The Alexeiad names "Theodora, the emperor's sister…widow of Diogenes's murdered son" when recording her reaction to an imposter pretending to be her husband who had been killed in Antioch [96]. The text names the son "Leon" but it is clear from the context that it must refer to Konstantinos, who was killed when his half-brother Leon was still an infant. She became a nun as XENA. m ([1068/71]) KONSTANTINOS Diogenes, son of Emperor ROMANOS Diogenes & his first wife [Anna] Alusiane [of Bulgaria] (-killed in battle Antioch [1074]).
6. ALEXIOS Komnenos ([1056/57]-15 Aug 1118). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Manuel, Isaacius, Alexius, Adrianus, Nicephorus" as the five sons of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [97]. His parentage is confirmed by the Alexeiad naming "Ioannes Komnenos, my grandfather on my father's side" [98]. He succeeded 4 Apr 1081 as Emperor ALEXIOS I, after obliging Nikephoros Botaneiates to abdicate.
- see below.
7. ADRIANOS Komnenos ([1058/63]-19 Apr 1105). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Manuel, Isaacius, Alexius, Adrianus, Nicephorus" as the five sons of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [99]. The Alexeiad names Adrianos as brother of Emperor Alexios, recording that the latter granted him the title "Most Illustrious Protosébastos" at the time of his accession in 1081 [100]. Leader against the Normans 1083. Megas domestikos [1087/97]. Panhypersébastos. He became a monk as IOANNES. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "19 Apr, monk John brother of the emperor" [101]. m (after Oct 1081) ZOE Doukaina porphyrogeneta, daughter of Emperor KONSTANTINOS X & his second wife Evdokia Makrembolitissa (1062-28 Aug before 1136). The Alexeiad names "the Porphyrogenita Zoe" as daughter of Empress Eudoxia, suggesting that her mother planned to marry her to Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates after the latter's accession in 1078 [102]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "28 Aug, Porphyrogenita Zoe" [103]. She was named "Anna" in a poem concering the ancestors of Giorgios Palaiologos. Magdalino and Cheynet both assume that this was her monastic name, but it may be a mistake resulting from confusion with her sister of the same name [104]. Adrianos Komnenos & his wife had [one child]:
a) [ALEXIOS Komnenos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.] m ---. The name of Alexios's wife is not known. Alexios Komnenos & his wife had [one] child:
i) [--- Komnene ([1100/05]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ALEXIOS Doukas Palaiologos, son of GEORGIOS Palaiologos & his wife Anna Doukaina ([1095/1100]-after 1143).]
8. NIKEPHOROS Komnenos ([1060/65]-[Oct 1136/43] [105]). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Manuel, Isaacius, Alexius, Adrianus, Nicephorus" as the five sons of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [106]. The Alexeiad names Nikephoros as youngest brother of Emperor Alexios, recording that the latter installed him as "Great Drungarius of the Fleet" and awarded him the title sébastos at the time of his accession in 1081 [107]. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "18 Jul, Nicephorus brother of the Emperor" [108]. m ---. Theophylaktos of Ohrid refers to Nikephoros Komnenos and Adrianos Komnenos as brothers-in-law ("γαμβρός") of Gregorianos Pakourianos [109]. As Adrianos´s wife is already recorded (see above), this could mean that Nikephoros´s wife was Gregorianos´s sister. Alternatively, Gregorianos could have been married to an otherwise unrecorded sister of both Adrianos and Nikephoros. The name of the wife of Nikephoros is not known. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "15 May, Irene, wife of brother of the Emperor" [110], without specifying to which brother this refers. It is probable that this refers to Irena, wife of Isaakios. However, Irena is recorded as having become a nun as Xene and, as the list of obituaries mainly uses the monastic names of all individuals where relevant, it is not impossible that this entry refers to the wife of one of the emperor's other brothers, Manuel or Nikephoros, whose names are not otherwise known. If the entry does not refer to the wife of Nikephoros, there is no other entry in the list which could relate to her. The reason for her exclusion from the list is unclear.
A transcript of tomb inscriptions from the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos, now Fethiye Camii, lists the individuals named below as descendants of the church's founders Ioannes Komnenos and Anna Doukaina [111]. There is doubt regarding the identity of this couple, whom Polemis refuses to identify. The source quoted by Polemis, a saint's life, states that an unnamed daughter of Mikhael Doukas married Ioannes, a nephew of Emperor Alexios I [112]. However, Emperor Alexios had two known nephews named Ioannes, Ioannes Komnenos and Ioannes Taronites, so it is not certain to whom this refers. Another possibility is that "Ioannes" was a monastic name which, if correct, could refer to Adrianos Komnenos, brother of Emperor Alexios I, his wife Zoe Doukaina being referred to as Anna in one source (see above). Magdalino, following Varzos, and Cheynet in Etudes Prosopographiques both propose that the named individuals were descendants of Adrianos [113]. However, the fact that one of the couple's sons was named Adrianos suggests that this hypothesis is incorrect, as sons were rarely named after their fathers in Byzantine noble families. Magdalino, after Varzos and Cheynet, names the wife of Ioannes, son of Isaakios, as Maria [114].
1. IOANNES Komnenos, son of [ISAAKIOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Irena of Georgia] . m ANNA Doukaina, daughter of [MIKHAEL Doukas & his wife ---]. A transcript of tomb inscriptions from the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos, now Fethiye Camii, lists the individuals named below as descendants of the church's founders Ioannes Komnenos and Anna Doukaina [115]. There is doubt regarding the identity of this couple, as discussed above. Ioannes Komnenos & his wife had four children (named in the transcript of tomb inscriptions from the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos as descendants of the church's founders Ioannes Komnenos and Anna Doukaina [116]):
a) EVDOKIA Komnene. m ALEXIOS Tarchanaiotes, son of ---.
b) ANDRONIKOS Komnenos. m EVDOKIA Doukaina, daughter of ---. [Andronikos Komnenos & his wife had one child:]
i) [ANNA Komnene Doukaina. Sturdza records Anna as daughter of Andronikos Komnenos and his wife, and names her husband [117]. The primary source on which this is based is not known, as this couple is not named in the documentation of the church of St Mary Pammakaristos referred to above. Her name Anna is recorded in a poem by Proedros, in which she is called Dukoblastos without giving any parentage. It is assumed that the parentage suggested by Sturdza is no more than a guess [118]. m ALEXIOS Komnenosstyle="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext"> Anemas, son of MANUEL Anemas & his wife Theodora Komnene.]
c) ALEXIOS Komnenos. Sébastos. Betrothed ([1148/51]) to EIRENE Axuchina, daughter of IOANNES Axuches megas domestikos & his wife ---. m EIRENE Synadene, daughter of ---. Alexios Komnenos & his wife had one child:
i) ADRIANOS Komnenos. m ANNA Kontostephanina, daughter of ---.
d) ADRIANOS Komnenos. The name Adrianos suggests that this family could not have been children of Adrianos Komnenos, brother of Emperor Alexios, as sons were never named after their fathers in Byzantium. However, it is not impossible that Adrianos was his monastic name.
The connection between the following individuals and the main Komnenos family is not known.
1. [BARBARA] Komnene (-1125). Baumgarten cites one secondary source confirming Barbara Komnene as third wife of Grand Prince Sviatopolk II [119]. The Translatio Manus Sancti Stephani, included in Orlieb's Zwiefaltensis Chronicon, records the marriage of "Bolezlai Boloniorum…ducis" and "ex nobilissimis principibus Grecorum filiam suam cuidam tradidit in matrimonium regi Rutenorum", the editor of the compilation consulted identifying "rex Rutenorum" as "Swiatopolk Michael princeps Kiewensis, cuius coniux altera filia aut cognate fuit imperatoris Alexii" [120]. Neither source specifies her precise parentage. Sturdza refers to her as the daughter of Isaakios Komnenos, brother of Emperor Alexios I, although he does not name her [121]. The primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. There must be some doubt whether her name can be correct as it is rare among Byzantine families [122]. m ([1103]) as his third wife, SVIATOPOLK II Iziaslavich Grand Prince of Kiev, son of IZIASLAV I Iaroslavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Gertrud of Poland (1050-16 Apr 1113).
2. EVDOKIA Komnene. The primary source which confirms her possible marriage has not yet been identified. According to Europäische Stammtafeln [123], Evdokia was the daughter of Isaakios Komnenos cæsar, son of Emperor Alexios I, but the basis for this is not known. [ m KONSTANTINOS Palaiologos Doukas Komnenos, son of ---].
3. [HELENA] [ Komnene] (-[1183]). Baumgarten cites one secondary source which discusses "the probability" that the second wife of Prince Iurii was of Byzantine origin, suggesting her possible name on a subsequent page [124]. Although the date of Iurii's second marriage is not known, the general chronology suggests that his wife may have belonged to the Komnenos family if she was indeed of Byzantine origin. Sturdza states [125] that she was the daughter of Isaakios Komnenos cæsar, son of Emperor Alexios I, but the primary source on which this might be based has not yet been identified. m as his second wife, IURII Vladimirovich of Kiev, son of VLADIMIR Vsevolodich "Monomach" Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife --- (-15 May 1158). Prince of Rostov-Suzdal 1125-1157. He succeeded in 1149 as IURII "Dolgorukiy/Longarm" Grand Prince of Kiev.
ALEXIOS Komnenos, son of IOANNES Komnenos, kuropalates and domestikos & his wife Anna Dalassena ([1056/57]-15 Aug 1118). Nikephoros Bryennios names (in order) "Manuel, Isaacius, Alexius, Adrianus, Nicephorus" as the five sons of "Ioanni" and his wife Anna [126]. His parentage is confirmed by the Alexeiad naming "Ioannes Komnenos, my grandfather on my father's side" [127]. His birth date is estimated from the Alexeiad recording that he was "only fourteen years old" when he wished to campaign with Emperor Romanos Diogenes "against the Persians" [128], assumed to refer to the campaign against the Seljuks which culminated in the battle of Manzikert in 1071. Proedros 1074. Stratopedarchos. Appointed dux and megas domestikos 1078 by Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates. Sébastos 1079. Following a Doukas/Komnenos family council at Tzurullon in Thrace, Alexios invaded Constantinople. He succeeded 4 Apr 1081 as Emperor ALEXIOS I, after rebelling against Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates who was obliged to abdicate. Faced with an empire weakened by the loss of most of Asia Minor as well as its Italian possessions, in economic ruin, and with a depleted army and navy, Emperor Alexios set about the slow process of reconstruction and restoring the power of Byzantium. He allied himself with Venice to prevent Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia from capturing Durazzo. He granted Venice duty-free trade throughout the empire and the right to establish colonies under its own administration, as a reward for having defeated the Norman fleet in 1081. The setback for the Normans was short-lived as Durazzo fell to Robert "Guiscard" in Oct 1081, although it was recaptured in 1085 by Byzantium [129]. In 1085, Emperor Alexios agreed a treaty with the Seljuks under which Nikomedia and parts of the Anatolian coast were returned to Byzantium, although Chaka, a rival Turkish leader, captured the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos and Rhodos in the 1080s [130]. Emperor Alexios also allied himself with the Kumans [Polovtsy] to beat the Pechenegs at Mount Lebounion 29 Apr 1091. The emperor suppressed rebellions led by Theodoros Gabras in 1092 [131] and Nikephoros Diogenes in 1094 [132]. Good relations were restored with the papacy in Sep 1089 when, at the Council of Melfi, Pope Urban IV lifted the papal excommunication on the emperor [133]. After the armies of the First Crusade arrived in Constantinople, their relations with Emperor Alexios I were tense. Godefroi de Bouillon [Duke of Lower Lotharingia] finally swore allegiance to the emperor on Easter Sunday in 1097, agreeing that the emperor should become overlord of any new principalities founded in the Levant by the crusaders and that any land captured which had previously belonged to the empire should be handed back to Byzantium [134]. Building on the crusading army's capture of Nikaia, Alexios recaptured Smyrna, Ephesus and Sardes from the Turks. After the fall of Antioch 3 Jun 1098, Bohémond of Apulia refused to acknowledge the emperor as his overlord in breach of the earlier agreement and declared himself Prince of Antioch. The threat to Byzantine interests posed by this new principality on its borders provoked Emperor Alexios to attack. Bohémond left his nephew Tancred as regent in Antioch and returned to Europe to prepare a larger-scale campaign against Byzantium. Alexios defeated him at Avlona on the Adriatic coast in Oct 1107, and forced Bohémond to recognise his suzerainty in 1108. Emperor Alexios carried out a major reorganisation of the administration of the empire, aimed at lightening the old bureaucracy and introduced a range of new titles which he distributed to the numerous potential challengers from his own and other ex-imperial families (see Introduction). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "15 Aug, Alexius I Comnenus" [135].
m firstly ([1075]) --- Argyre, daughter of --- Argyros & his wife --- (-before Oct 1077). Nikephoros Bryennios records that "Alexium Comnenum" married "filia Argyri…viri nobilis" as his first wife [136].
m secondly (betrothed before Oct 1077, [1078]) EIRENE Doukaina, daughter of [ANDRONIKOS Doukas & his wife Maria Troiane] ([1066]-19 Feb 1123). The Alexeiad records that Eirene, mother of Anna Komnene, was "kinswoman" of the Doukas family and "legal wife of my [Anna Komnene's] father" but does not name her parents [137]. This passage follows soon after the text which names Mikhael and Ioannes as grandsons of "the Cæsar Ioannes" and "Georgios Palaiologos the husband of their sister" [138]. The omission of Eirene from this list of brothers and sister suggests that she was not the daughter of Andronikos Doukas. In another passage, the Alexeiad records that Anna "on my mother's side [was] related to the Doukas" [139]. Any doubts about her parentage are resolved in a further passage which records that, at the time of the Komnenoi rebellion in 1081, the future Emperor Alexios left "his wife, fifteen years old at the time…in the 'lower' palace with her sisters and mother and the Cæsar, her grandfather on the paternal side", and in yet another passage which explicitly states that she was "a daughter of Andronikos, the Cæsar's eldest son" [140]. Nikephoros Bryennios records that "Alexium Comnenum" married "primogenitam…filiarum" of Andronikos [141]. The Alexeiad records that she was crowned empress "on the seventh day after the public proclamation" of her husband's accession [142]. She supported her daughter's attempt to have the latter's husband Nikephoros Briennios succeed her husband as emperor, but retired to a convent after her husband died.
Emperor Alexios I & his second wife had nine children:
1. ANNA Komnene Doukaina (2 Dec 1083-[1149/54]). Niketas Choniates names "Anna…primogenita…Cæsarissa appellata" as daughter of "Alexius Comnenus imperator" and wife of "Nicephoro Bryennio" [143]. Zonaras records that "Anna" was betrothed to "Constantino filio reginæ Mariæ Alanæ" who died before the marriage, and afterwards married "filio natu maiori Nicephori Bryennii" [144]. A prolific writer and historian, she was the author of a history of her father The Alexeiad, which in its preface records her as "Anna daughter of the Emperor Alexius and the Empress Irene, born and bred in the Purple" [145] She and her mother tried to persuade her father to leave the throne to her husband. After her brother succeeded, she led an unsuccessful rebellion against him [146]. She became a nun at Kecharitomenes convent after the death of her husband in [1136/37]. Betrothed (1084, contract broken Dec 1090) to KONSTANTINOS Doukas style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">porphyrogenetos co-Emperor, son of Emperor MIKHAEL VII "Parapinakes" & his wife Maria of Georgia (-[1092/97]). m (1097) NIKEPHOROS Bryennios, son of NIKEPHOROS Bryennios dux of Durazzo & his wife --- (-Constantinople [1136/37]). The Alexeiad names "the Cæsar Nicephorus…descended from the Bryennii" as the husband of Anna when recording that he campaigned in Syria with her brother Emperor Ioannes [147]. Supported by his wife and mother-in-law, he claimed the imperial throne on the death of his father-in-law. Panhypersébastos. Cæsar.
2. MARIA Komnene (19 Sep 1085-after 1136). The Alexeiad records the birth of a second daughter before a son was born to Emperor Alexios, but does not name her [148]. Zonaras names "Maria, Eudocia, Theodora" as the three other daughters, stating that Maria married "Gabræ…Theodori sebasti et martyris filio", the marriage being annulled for consanguinity, and afterwards married "Phorbeni Catacalonis filium Nicephorum" [149]. In a later passage, the Alexeiad records that Nikephoros, son of Konstantinos Euphorbenos, "afterwards became my brother-in-law when he married my younger sister Maria Porphyrogenita" [150]. m firstly (annulled) GREGORIOS Gabras, son of THEODOROS Gabras dux of Trebizond & his wife ---. m secondly (before 1120) NIKEPHOROS Euphorbenos, Katakalon son of KONSTANTINOS Euphorbenos & his wife --- (-[1118/30]). Panhypersébastos, sébastokrator.
3. IOANNES Komnenos style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext"> Doukas ([1 Sep 1087/1 Sep 1088]-in Cilicia 8 Apr 1143). Named "Ioannem Imperatoris filium" by William of Tyre in 1097, when he recounts that he was briefly given to the crusading army as a hostage [151]. He succeeded his father in 1118 as Emperor IOANNES II.
- see below.
4. ANDRONIKOS Komnenos (18 Sep 1091-[1130/31]). Niketas Choniates names "Andronicum" as second son of "Alexius Comnenus imperator" [152]. Sebastokrator. m (betrothed 20 Aug 1104) [IRINA Volodarovna of Tmutorokan, daughter of VOLODAR Rostislavich Prince of Peremysl & his wife [Anna] of Pomerania]. The Primary Chronicle records that the daughter of Volodar was taken to Tsargrad 20 Jul 1104 to become the wife of the son of Emperor Alexios [153]. The primary source which names her and confirms that her husband was Andronikos has not yet been identified. There appears to be no more basis for supposing that her husband was Andronikos Komnenos than his younger brother Isaakios. Andronikos Komnenos & his wife had [four] children:
a) ALEXIOS Komnenos (-young before [1130/31]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
b) IOANNES Doukas (-after 6 Mar 1166). Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Ioannes Andronici sebastocratoris filius…adolescens…protovestiarii primum" was installed as protosébastos [154]. Protobestiarios.
c) MARIA Komnene (-3 Feb ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "3 Feb, Maria, daughter of the Sebastocrator Andronicus" [155].
d) ANNA Komnene (-[18 Jul/12 Aug] ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "Anne, da of Sebastocrator" [156], which presumably refers to Andronikos Komnenos who is the only son of Emperor Alexios recorded with the title sebastocrator. The entry is not dated, but is listed between entries for 18 Jul and 12 Aug.
5. EVDOKIA Komnene (14 Jan 1094-[1130/31]). The Alexeiad names "Porphyrogenita Eudocia" as the third daughter of Emperor Alexios [157]. Zonaras names "Maria, Eudocia, Theodora" as the three other daughters, stating that Evdokia married "Iasitæ Constantini filium" [158]. Nun at the convent of Kocharitomenes. m ([1116]) MIKHAEL Iasites, son of KONSTANTINOS Iasites & his wife --- ([-1117]).
6. THEODORA Komnene (15 Jan 1096-). Zonaras names "Maria, Eudocia, Theodora" as the three other daughters [159]. Niketas Choniates names "Theodoram Alexii avi Manuelis filiam" as wife of "Constantinum Angelum" [160]. m (before 1120) KONSTANTINOS Angelos, son of MANUEL Angelos & his wife --- (-after Jul 1166).
7. ISAAKIOS Komnenos (16 Jan 1093-after 1152). Niketas Choniates names "Isaacium" as third son of "Alexius Comnenus imperator" [161]. Cæsar. Sebastocrator [1122]. Claimant to the imperial throne 1129/1143. Stratopedarchos. He fled from court in 1130. m EIRENE, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. As noted above, it is possible that Isaakios was the son of Emperor Alexios who married the daughter of Volodar Rostislavich Prince of Peremysl, according to the Primary Chronicle which records that the daughter of Volodar was taken to Tsargrad 20 Jul 1104 to become the wife of the son of Emperor Alexios [162]. She is named above as the possible wife of the son Andronikos, but there appears to be no more basis for supposing that her husband was Andronikos Komnenos than his younger brother Isaakios. Isaakios Komnenos & his wife had six children:
a) IOANNES Komnenos Tzelepes (after 1114-[1145]). Niketas Choniates names "Iohannes Isaacii sebastocratoris filius" when recording his marriage [163]. He deserted to the Turks, converted to Islam in 1140, married the daughter of the Seljuk Sultan as his second wife [164], and became a noted scholar. m firstly (1131) --- (-before 1140). The name of Ioannes's first wife is not known. m secondly (1140) --- of Rum, daughter of MASUD I Seljuk Sultan of Rum & his wife --- Danişmend. Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Iohannes Isaacii sebastocratoris filius" and "Masuti filiam style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">" [165]. Ioannes Komnenos & his first wife had one child:
i) ISAAKIOS Komnenos (-under torture 1184 [166]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Usurper.
Ioannes Komnenos & his second wife had one child:
ii) SULEIMAN Shah. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Founder of the Qonya branch (see TURKS). Mohammed the Conqueror Sultan of Turkey claimed to be descended from him, although the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified.
b) ANDRONIKOS Komnenos ([1123/24]-murdered Constantinople 12 Sep 1185). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded in 1183 as Emperor ANDRONIKOS I.
- see below, after Emperors MANUEL I & ALEXIOS II.
c) [[MARIA] Komnene. Her husband is recorded as gambros of Emperor Manuel I, but his wife could have been the daughter either of Andronikos or Isaakios, brothers of Emperor Ioannes II [167]. On balance, it is more probable that she was the daughter of Isaakios. The death of Andronikos's daughter named Maria is recorded in the list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family, and it appears that this list does not include the names of married female members of the family, except for direct ancestors and the wives of males in the family. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m (before 1166) IOSEPHOS Bryennios, son of ---. Monomachos, pansebastos.]
d) [ANNA Komnene. Her husband is recorded as gambros of Emperor Manuel I, but his wife could have been the daughter either of Andronikos or Isaakios, brothers of Emperor Ioannes II [168]. On balance, it is more probable that she was the daughter of Isaakios. The death of Andronikos's daughter named Anna is recorded in the list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family, and it appears that this list does not include the names of married female members of the family, except for direct ancestors and the wives of males in the family. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m IOANNES Arbantenos, son of ---. Pansebastos.]
8. MANUEL Komnenos (Feb 1097-16 May ----). Niketas Choniates names "natu minimum Manuelem" as fourth son of "Alexius Comnenus imperator", in a later passage describing his military expeditions to Syria [169], which confirms that he survived at least into early adulthood. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "16 May, Manuel son of the Empress" [170].
9. ZOE Komnene (Mar 1098-17 Sep ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "17 Sep, Porphyrogenita Zoe, daughter of the Empress" [171].
IOANNES Komnenos Doukas, son of Emperor ALEXIOS I & his second wife Eirene Doukaina ([1 Sep 1087/1 Sep 1088]-in Cilicia 8 Apr 1143). The Alexeiad records the birth of a son to Emperor Alexios "in the eleventh indiction", but does not name him [172]. Named "Ioannem Imperatoris filium" by William of Tyre in 1097, when he recounts that he was briefly given to the crusading army as a hostage [173]. His father declared him heir in 1092, depriving Konstantinos Doukas, and crowned him co-emperor in the same year. On his father's death in 1118, he was acclaimed by the senate and the army as Emperor IOANNES II, despite attempts by his mother and older sister Anna to persuade his father to leave the throne to Anna's husband Nikephoros Bryennios [174]. He launched his first campaign against the Turks in Spring 1119, capturing Laodicea and Sozopolis from the Seljuks as well as attacking the Danishmends in the east [175]. He attempted unsuccessfully to deprive the Venetians of the commercial privileges which had been granted in 1082, and after Venetian attacks in the Aegean he was obliged to confirm these privileges in 1126. Pope Pascal II planned to install him as western Emperor, in opposition to Emperor Heinrich V [176]. He defeated the Petcheneg invasion in 1122, obliged Serbia to accept Byzantine suzerainty in 1123, and defeated the Hungarians after their invasion in 1128. He renewed his attacks on the Danishmend Turks in 1130, defeated the Seljuks in Asia Minor, recaptured Cilician Armenia in 1137 and besieged Antioch in Aug 1137 [177]. He allied himself with the Holy Roman Empire and Pisa in 1136, with a view to containing any expansion by Roger II King of Sicily. The emperor launched a new expedition destined for Antioch in 1142, but died en route in Cilicia after wounding himself with a poisoned arrow during a boar hunt [178].
m ([1104/05]) PIROSKA of Hungary, daughter of [LÁSZLÓ I King of Hungary & his wife Adelheid von Rheinfelden] ([1085/90]-13 Aug 1134). Zonaras records that "filium regem", referring to Ioannes, married "Ungrorum principis filia" [179]. Ioannes Kinnamos records the marriage of "Ioannes Imperator" and "Irenam, Vladislai filiam", referring to "Vladislao Hungariæ regi" [180]. Unfortunately, this apparently straight-forward statement cannot be accepted at face value without further analysis. The problem is that the same paragraph of Kinnamos's text also names "Almus et Stephanus" as the two sons of "Vladislæ Hungariæ regi", stating that "Stephanus" succeeded his father and "Almus" fled to "imperatorem". This report of events in Hungary in the late 11th/early 12th centuries is inconsistent with other primary sources relating to the Hungarian kings, which name no King Stephen/István at that time, identify Kálmán and Álmos as the sons of King Géza I (and nephews of King László I), and suggest that Álmós's rebellion against his half-brother King Kálmán must have taken place after the estimated date of the marriage of Emperor Ioannes. The marriage of Emperor Ioannes took place during the reign of King Kálmán. It appears to have been agreed as part of the arrangements to obtain Byzantine acceptance of Hungarian territorial conquests along the Dalmatian coast [181]. Kálmán had poor relations with his predecessor László, who had wished to by-pass him in the Hungarian succession. The question is therefore whether Kálmán would have maintained László's children at court and included them in his "pool" of marriageable princesses. The passage in question is found in the earliest part of the narrative of Kinnamos, whose work is dated to the early part of the second half of the 12th century, so several decades after the events. Some inaccuracies in these early sections of his work would therefore not be surprising. Nevertheless, there are chronological difficulties assigning Piroska to other potential parents among the Hungarian royal family. Piroska's birth date range of [1085/90] is estimated from her having given birth to her first child in early 1106, her husband's own birth date, and also that she continued to bear children until 1119. It is therefore unlikely that she was the daughter of Géza I King of Hungary (who died in 1077) and sister of King Kálmán. King Kálmán's own birth is estimated in [1065], and his first recorded marriage took place in 1097. It is not impossible that Kálmán married earlier and that Piroska was his daughter by an otherwise unrecorded first marriage. The primary source which confirms her original Hungarian name has not yet been identified. Piroska adopted the name EIRENE in Byzantium, as shown by the extract from Ioannes Kinnamos quoted above. She became a nun as XENA and was canonised by the Greek Orthodox church. Her children included at least one set of twins.
Emperor Ioannes II & his wife had eight children:
1. ALEXIOS Komnenos (Balabista in Macedonia Feb 1106-Attalia late summer 1142). The Alexeiad records the birth at Balabista of "the first of the sons of the Basileus Iohannes the porphyrogenitus with a twin sister" [182]. Twin with his sister Maria. Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that the first two died before their father [183]. He was crowned co-emperor in 1119. He died with his father while they were campaigning in the east against the Turks [184]. m ---. The identity of the wife or wives of Alexios Komnenos has not yet been established satisfactorily from the primary sources so far consulted. According to Europäische Stammtafeln [185], Alexios married firstly (1122) Dobrodjeja style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext"> Mstislavna of Kiev, daughter of Mstislav I Vladimirovich Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Christine of Sweden, and secondly Kata of Georgia, daughter of DAVIT IV King of Georgia & his wife ---, the source adding that the first wife was also called Eupraxia and the second wife Eirene, presumably their Orthodox baptismal names. Sturdza [186] agrees, except that he names Alexios's first wife Irena. Baumgarten does not show this marriage to Alexios Komnenos, instead stating that "Irena [Dobrodeja]", daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav, married "Andronikos Komnenos", citing Byzantine primary sources in support [187]. Concerning the alleged second marriage, the Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records that King Davit sent "sa fille Cata en Grèce pour épouser le fils de l'empereur" in 1116 [188]. As explained more fully in the Introduction to the document GEORGIA, this late source cannot be considered entirely reliable. The Georgian Chronicle (13th century) records more generally that King Davit "made marriage alliances with the kings of Greece and Shuan giving his daughters to them" [189]. If the marriage is correctly dated to 1116, "the emperor" then reigning was Alexios I and so presumably one of his sons would have been the bridegroom (the wife of Emperor Alexios's son Isaakios is not identified in primary sources). There is nothing in the text of either versions of the Georgian Chronicle which suggests that Kata married Alexios. Until more precise information emerges from other primary sources, it is considered more prudent to leave the identity of Alexios's wife as uncertain. Alexios Komnenos & his wife had one child:
a) MARIA Komnene (-1167). Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that the first two died before their father and that Alexios left one daughter who married "magni domestici Alexius" [190]. A seal dated to [1157/67] names "Maria porphyrogennetos…daughter of Alexius Komnenos the pious porphyrogennetos basileus and wife of Alexios the protostrator" [191]. She died insane [192]. m ALEXIOS Axuches dux of Cilicia, son of --- (-after 1170). Protostrator, Pansébastos.
2. lang=ES MARIA Komnene lang=ES> (Balabista in Macedonia Feb 1106-[1144/51]). The Alexeiad records the birth at Balabista of "the first of the sons of the Basileus Iohannes the porphyrogenitus with a twin sister" [193]. Twin with her brother Alexios. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "filiam natu maximum Ioannis imperatoris" married "Rogerius Cæsar", when recording her serious illness [194]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m IOANNES Dalassenos Rogerios, son of ROGER the Norman & his wife --- (-after 1152). Cæsar.
3. lang=ES ANDRONIKOS Komnenos lang=ES> (Balabista in Macedonia [1108]-Autumn 1142). Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that the first two died before their father [195]. Sébastokrator. He died at sea while returning to Constantinople with the body of his older brother Alexios [196]. m ([1124]) EIRENE [Aineiadissa], daughter of --- (-[1150/51]). The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Nun at the convent of Pantokratoros in 1144. Andronikos Komnenos & his wife had six children:
a) MARIA Komnene ([1126]-). Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that Andronikos left daughters "Mariam, Theodoram et Eudociam" [197]. Niketas Choniates names "Maria…Andronici sebastocrator…filia" as wife of "Dasiotes" [198]. Her second marriage is indicated by Ioannes Kinnamos who records that "Ioannes cognomento…Cantacuzenus" married "Andronici sebastocratoris filiam" [199]. As the marriages of Maria's known sisters Theodora and Evdokia are recorded in other sources (see below), it is assumed that Kinnamos is referring to a second marriage of Maria in this passage, unless Andronikos Komnenos had a fourth daughter who is otherwise unrecorded. m firstly (1139) THEODOROS Dasiotes, son of --- (-Iconium [1143/44]). He died in prison. m secondly ([1145/50]) IOANNES Kantakouzenos, son of --- Kantakouzenos & his wife --- (-killed in battle Myriokephalon 17 Sep 1176). Pansébastos.
b) IOANNES Doukas Komnenos ([1128]-killed in battle Myriokephalon shortly after 17 Sep 1176). Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that Andronikos left sons "Ioannem et Alexium" [200]. He was appointed protosébastos and protobestarios in 1148. Dux of Cyprus 1155. Cyprus was attacked in 1156 by Renaud Prince of Antioch and Thoros II Lord of the Mountains [Armenia-Rupen] who devastated the island. Ioannes was captured and taken prisoner to Antioch [201]. Sébastokratoronthes 1170. Strategos of Sardika. m ([1146]) --- Taronitissa, daughter of [IOANNES] Taronites [III] & his wife --- ([1125/30]-after 1176). An anonymous poem records the marriage of Ioannes Komnenos and his wife "from the family of a pansebastos…the glory of the Taronites…on her paternal side issued from a branch of the same trunk…as she descends…from the race of the Komnenoi" [202]. According to Rüdt-Collenberg, she was the daughter or granddaughter either of Ioannes Taronites [I] or of his brother Gregorios (sons of Mikhael Taronites) [203]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln [204], she was the possible daughter of Mikhael Taronites [II]. Jean Claude Chuat first proposed that she was the daughter of Ioannes Taronites [III] [205]. This affiliation appears to satisfy all the requirements of the text of the anonymous poem quoted above. Her birth date range is estimated on the assumption that she was an adolescent or young adult at the time of her marriage. She became a nun as MARIA after her husband died. Ioannes Doukas Komnenos & his wife had two children:
i) MARIA Komnene (1154-before Oct 1217). She is named with her father by William of Tyre when he records her marriage with King Amaury [206]. Amaury King of Jerusalem sent ambassadors to Constantinople in [1164/65] to ask the emperor for the hand of an imperial princess but received no answer until they landed at Tyre with Maria Komnene in Aug 1167. Ioannes Kinnamos records the marriage of "una filiarum protosebasti" and the brother of Baudouin III King of Jerusalem [207]. She was given Nablus as her dower [208]. The Lignages d'Outremer name "la reyne Marie…niece de l'empereur Manuel" as wife of "Belleem de Ybelin" [209]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that "relictam regis Almarici…que fuit de Grecia" married "Bethuliani de Guibelin" [210]. "Hugo…rex Cipri" confirmed the grant to the church of Nicosia by "Philippus de Ybellino" for the soul of "domine Marie regine, matris sue" by charter dated Oct 1217 [211]. m firstly (Tyre 29 Aug 1167) as his second wife, AMAURY I King of Jerusalem, son of FOULQUES King of Jerusalem Comte d'Anjou & his second wife Mélisende Queen of Jerusalem (1136-11 Jul 1174). m secondly ([1177]) BALIAN of Ibelin, son of BALIAN of Ibelin Lord of Rama & his wife Helvis of Rama ([1142/43]-[1193/94]). Lord of Nablus, by right of his wife. Lord of Rama and Mirabel.
ii) [ALEXIOS Komnenos (-1187). Niketas Choniates records that "Comnenus Alexius, Manuel imperatoris ex fratre nepos" rebelled against Emperor Andronikos [212]. The primary source which confirms his parentage more specifically has not yet been identified, but he may have been the son of Ioannes Doukas Komnenos. He could not have been the son of Ioannes´s brother Alexios, because of the Byzantine convention whereby sons were not normally named after their fathers, and no other son of one of the emperor´s brothers is known to have had sons. With Norman help, he was proclaimed emperor in Thessaloniki. Imprisoned and blinded 7 Nov 1185, he died in prison.]
c) THEODORA Komnene (-2 Jan 1184, bur Vienna Schottenkloster). Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that Andronikos left daughters "Mariam, Theodoram et Eudociam" [213]. The Annales Mellicenses in 1149 record the marriage of "dux Heinricus, filius Liupaldi marchionis" and "filiam…fratris regis Grecorum Theodora" [214]. It is likely that Theodora, daughter of Andronikos, married Markgraf Heinrich as Andronikos's brother Isaakios is recorded with a daughter named Theodora and his brother Alexios is only recorded as having one child. The marriage was arranged by Konrad III King of Germany, her husband's half-brother, while he was staying with Emperor Manuel I recuperating from ill-health. The marriage took place during a second visit after King Konrad had left Palestine and was on his way home to Germany [215]. She was invested jointly with her husband with the march of Austria in 1156 [216]. She adopted the name GERTRUD in Austria. The Annales Mellicenses in 1185 record the death of "Theodora que et Gerdrudis ducissa" [217]. The Continuatio Zwetlensis Altera records the death "1184 IV Non Ian" of "Theodora ducissa Austrie" [218]. The necrology of Seccovi records the death "IV Non Jan" of "Theodora ducissa Austrie" [219]. The necrology of Kloster Neuburg records the death "IV Non Jan" of "Theodora ux Heinrici ducis" [220]. m (betrothed early 1148, [Sep] 1148) as his second wife, style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext"> style="COLOR: red">HEINRICH II "Jasomirgott" style="COLOR: red">Markgraf of Austria, son of LEOPOLD III "der Heilige" Markgraf of Austria & his second wife Agnes of Germany [Staufen] (1112-13 Jan 1177, bur Vienna Schottenkloster). Markgraf Heinrich was installed as Duke of Austria in 1156.
d) EVDOKIA Komnene. Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that Andronikos left daughters "Mariam, Theodoram et Eudociam", adding that Evdokia became the mistress of Andronikos Komnenos after the death of her husband [221]. This must refer to a first marriage which is unrecorded elsewhere, as her marriage to Mikhael Gabras is recorded subsequent to her affair with Andronikos Komnenos. Europäische Stammtafeln [222] suggests that Evdokia married firstly ([1140/42], divorced 1149) Thoros II Lord of the Mountains, but there seems to be no basis for this. Rüdt-Collenberg says that "a first marriage with a Byzantine princess, mentioned by Tchamitch for the years 1140-1142, is more than doubtful" [223]. In any case, assuming that the report by Niketas Choniates is correct, Evdokia's first marriage was ended by the death of her husband, not divorce. In a later passage, Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Eudocia Comnenia Andronici amica" and "Michæle…Gabra" [224]. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Michael cognomento Gabras" married "ex fratre Manuelis neptim" [225]. m firstly --- (-1150 or before). The identity of Evdokia's first husband is not known. Mistress ([1150/52]) of her cousin ANDRONIKOS Komnenos, who later succeeded as Emperor ANDRONIKOS I. m secondly ([1152/53]) MIKHAEL Gabras, son of --- (-after 1170). Sébastos.
e) ALEXIOS Komnenos ([1136]-murdered 1183). Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that Andronikos left sons "Ioannem et Alexium" [226]. He was captured by Egyptians in Cyprus in 1158 and taken to Cairo, but sent back unharmed to Constantinople [227]. Protostrator. Protosébastos 1176. Protobestarios and sébastokratoronthes. He was the lover of dowager Empress Maria, and headed her Regency Council 1180-1182. Niketas Choniates names "protosebastus et protovestiarius Alexius Comnenus, Manuelis patruelis" when recording that he was adviser to Emperor Alexios with the latter's mother [228]. Unpopular because of his reliance on Latin advisers, he was captured by rioters, but released by Andronikos Komnenos (later Emperor Andronikos I) only to be blinded and murdered by him later. m MARIA Doukaina, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Mistress: MARIE of Antioch, widow of Emperor MANUEL I, daughter of RAYMOND de Poitiers Prince of Antioch & his wife Constance Pss of Antioch (1145-murdered 27 Aug 1182). Alexios Komnenos & his wife had two children:
i) ANDRONIKOS Komnenos (-young). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He died after falling from his horse.
ii) son (-young). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
4. ANNA Komnene ([1110]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified, although Niketas Choniates names "Stephano Contostephano sororio" of Emperor Manuel I [229]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m ([1125]) STEPHANOS Kontostephanos, son of --- (-killed in battle Corfu 1149). Panhypersébastos. Megas dux.
5. ISAAKIOS Komnenos ([1115]-[1154/74]). Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that the first two died before their father [230]. In an earlier passage, Niketas Choniates names "Isaacius…Manuelis frater sebastocrator" [231]. He was passed over by his father who nominated his younger brother Manuel as his successor. m firstly (1134) THEODORA, daughter of --- (-[1144]). The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly (1146) EIRENE Diplosynadene, daughter of --- Synadenos & his wife --- Synadene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Isaakios Komnenos & his first wife had five children:
a) ALEXIOS Komnenos ([1134/35]-before 1136). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
b) IOANNES Komnenos ([1134/36]-before [1136/37]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
c) --- Komnene. Niketas Choniates records that "Isaacius" was "Isaacii sebastocratoris, quem fratre fuisse Manuelis, ex filia nepos" [232]. Her name is not known. She is named Eirene in Europäische Stammtafeln [233], but it appears that this is not based on any primary source [234]. m ---. The identity of the father of Isaakios Doukas is not known. According to Sturdza [235], he was Andronikos Doukas Kamateros, drongarios of the fleet, who was executed in 1185 on the orders of Emperor Andronikos I. Rüdt-Collenberg [236] excludes his belonging to the Kamateros family, which Niketas Choniates described as "neither elegant nor well-off" [237] while the family of Isaakios was "excellent" according to the same source, although it is not clear whether he was referring to Isaakios's paternal or maternal ancestors. Rüdt-Collenberg also highlights [238] the speculation of R. P. L. Stiernon of Paris that Isaakios may have been the illegitimate son of Emperor Manuel I by Eirene Komnene, but this is pure conjecture. One child:
i) ISAAKIOS Doukas ([1155/60]-murdered [end 1195/early 1196]). Niketas Choniates records that "Isaacius" was "Isaacii sebastocratoris, quem fratre fuisse Manuelis, ex filia nepos" [239]. The birth date range of Isaakios is estimated by Rüdt-Collenberg on the basis of Isaakios being described as "admodum juvenis" on his appointment as Governor of Cilicia by Nephytos [240]. He proclaimed himself ISAAKIOS Despot [of Cyprus] in 1184, and assumed the title Emperorin 1185, adopting the name "Komnenos" to justify his pretention.
- see CYPRUS.
d) [--- Komnene. Niketas Choniates records that "Macroducæ Constantini" married "materteram Isaacii" (referring to Isaakios Doukas, later Emperor in Cyprus) [241]. If matertera in this passage is interpreted strictly, Konstantinos´s wife was the daughter of Isaakios Komnenos. However, Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Constantino Ducas" married "imperatoris ex sorore neptim" [242], which indicates that Konstantinos´s wife was the daughter of one of Emperor Manuel I´s sisters. It is not known which version might be correct. m (before 1166) KONSTANTINOS Doukas "MakroDoukas", son of --- (-murdered 30 May 1185). Pansébastos, panhypersébastos.]
e) MARIA Komnene ([1144]-1190). Ioannes Kinnamos records the betrothal of "Fredericus Conradi Alemannorum principis ex fratre nepos" and "Mariam Isaacii sebastocratoris filiam" [243]. Niketas Choniates names "Stephanum et Bladisthlabum" as the two brothers of "Hunnorum princeps Iazas", stating that István married "Mariam…imperatoris neptem, Isaacio sebastocratore natam" [244]. Ioannes Kinnamos records the marriage of "Geizæ…fratres…Stephanus" and "ex fratre neptem…Mariam, Isaacii sebastocratoris filiam" [245]. Her marriage was arranged by her uncle Emperor Manuel I while her husband was staying in Constantinople. Betrothed (1153) to FRIEDRICH I style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">"Barbarossa" King of Germany, son of FRIEDRICH II "der Einäugige" von Staufen Duke of Swabia & his first wife Judith of Bavaria (1122-drowned Göks or Saleph River, Asia Minor 10 Jun 1190). Crowned Emperor at Rome 18 Jun 1155. m (1156) ISTVÁN of Hungary, son of BÉLA II "the Blind" King of Hungary & his wife Jelena of Serbia (-murdered 11 Apr 1165). After his brother's death, he and his brother István were supported by Emperor Manuel I against their nephew King István III. He succeeded his brother 1163 as ISTVÁN IV King of Hungary.
Isaakios Komnenos & his second wife had two children:
f) THEODORA Komnene ([1146]-). William of Tyre names her, specifies that her father Isaakios was the brother of the emperor, and that she was 13 years old when she married [246], indicating that she must have been born from her father's second marriage assuming that the dates relating to his first and second wives are correct as shown above. Ioannes Kinnamos names "imperatoris ex fratre neptis" as the wife of "Balduinus…Palestinæ rex", when recording her husband's death [247]. Her marriage was arranged after King Baudouin sent a mission to Constantinople in Summer 1157 to request a bride from the imperial family. She had a dowry of 100,000 golden hyperperi, and in return was given Acre as her dower. She arrived at Acre from Constantinople in Sep 1158 [248]. After her husband's death, she retired to Acre where she met Andronikos Komnenos, to whom Amaury I King of Jerusalem had recently given the fief of Beirut [249], and lived with him as his mistress at Beirut from 1167. Niketas Choniates names "Theodora Comnenia, Isaacii sebastocratoris filia" as mistress of "Comnenus Andronicus imperatoris Manuelis patrueli" [250]. Emperor Manuel demanded the recall of Andronikos, but the couple fled to Damascus and sought refuge with Nur ed-Din. Thereafter they lived together in various locations in the Muslim world until Andronikos was given a castle in Paphlagonia where they settled. When they left Palestine, King Amaury I confiscated Acre [251]. m (Jerusalem [Oct] 1158) BAUDOUIN III King of Jerusalem, son of FOULQUES Comte d'Anjou King of Jerusalem & his wife Mélisende Queen of Jerusalem (1131-poisoned Beirut 10 Feb 1163). Mistress: (1167-1185) of ANDRONIKOS Komnenos, son of ISAAKIOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife --- ([1123/24] [252]-murdered Constantinople 12 Sep 1185). He succeeded in 1183 as Emperor ANDRONIKOS I.
g) EVDOKIA Komnene. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. There does not seem to be any proof to link Evdokia, daughter of Isaakios Komnenos, with these two Italian marriages [253], which are referred to in Sturdza [254]. [m firstly (Rome 1170) ODONE Frangipani, son of --- (-[1176]). A Roman lord and Guelf leader. m secondly (1179) GUELFO [Paganello] di Porcaria, from Siena.]
6. THEODORA Komnene ([1116]-12 May 1157 [255]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She became a nun after her husband died. m MANUEL Anemas, son of --- (-[1146/47]). Panhyperprotosebastypértatos.
7. MANUEL Komnenos (Constantinople [15 Aug 1118]-24 Sep 1180, bur Monastery of Christ Pantocrator). Ioannes Kinnamos names "Manuel…liberorum Ioannis minimus" [256]. He succeeded his father in 1143 as Emperor MANUEL I.
- see below.
8. EVDOKIA Komnene ([1119]-). Her parentage and marriage are indicated by the seal dated to [1163] which names "Andronikos Komnenos, (son) of Eudokia, a branch sprung from a purple-born root, nephew of the basileus Manuel, son of Theodoros Batatzes" [257]. Her marriage is also indicated by Ioannes Kinnamos who names "Theodorum Batatzem sororium sum", referring to Emperor Manuel I [258]. m THEODOROS Batatzes, son of --- (-killed in battle Neocæsarea 1176). He took part in the invasion of Cilicia in 1158 with his brother-in-law Emperor Manuel and occupied Tarsus [259]. Sébastohypertatos. General. Dux of Cilicia.
The precise relationships between the following individuals and the main Komnenos family is not known:
1. THEODORA Komnene. The Lignages d'Outremer name "Erine, niesce de l'empereour Manuel" as wife of "Beymont" son of "Reimont le fill au comte de Poitiers", stating that her husband expelled her and her daughter "en Romanie" after the death of Emperor Manuel [260]. The primary source which confirms her name as Theodora has not yet been identified. The parentage of Theodora is not known. According to Sturdza [261], she was the daughter of Ioannes Komnenos, son of sébastocrator Andronikos Komnenos (older brother of Emperor Manuel I) but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. Her first husband repudiated her on learning of the death of Emperor Manuel I [262]. The Lignages d'Outremer record that "Gautier" son of "Gremont le seignor de Bessan" married secondly "Latomena" [263]. Another manuscript of the Lignages names the second wife of Gauthier de Bethsan as "une dame de Romanie, qui avoit nom Thodore Lathoumena" [264]. It is not clear from these sources that the second wife of Bohemond III Prince of Antioch was the same person as the second wife of Gauthier of Bethsan. m [ firstly] ([1175/77], divorced 1180) as his second wife, BOHEMOND III Prince of Antioch, son of RAYMOND [de Poitiers] Prince of Antioch & his wife Constance Pss of Antioch ([1144]-[20 Mar/1 Oct] 1201). [m secondly (after 1180) as his second wife, GAUTHIER of Bethsan, son of GREMONT [I] Lord of Bethsan & his wife Marguerite of Beirut. 1210.]
2. EVDOKIA Komnene ([1167] [265]-after 4 Nov 1202). The parentage of Evdokia is not known. According to Sturdza [266], she was the daughter of Alexios Komnenos, son of sébastocrator Andronikos Komnenos (older brother of Emperor Manuel I) but the primary source on which this is based, if any, is not known. Barzos suggests [267] that she was the daughter of Isaakios Komnenos, son of Emperor Ioannes II, writing that "if Eudokia [K. 143, according to his numbering] were not the daughter of Isaakios [K. 78], then she would be a daughter of Ioannes [K. 128] [son of Andronikos Komnenos sébastocrator]". However, there appear to be too many unknown factors in the genealogy of the Komnenos family for arguments by elimination to be reliable. The Histoire de Montpellier recounts that Evdokia travelled to Europe to marry Alfonso II King of Aragon, but found that he was already married when she arrived, that she and her retinue waited for instructions from the emperor at Montpellier, where Guillaume [VII] proposed marriage to her [268]. The Annales Pisani (probably written [1182]) records that "l'Imperatore Emanuel" sent his envoys to arrange the betrothal of "una sua nepote…al fratello del Re di Aragona" (Raymond Bérenger III Comte de Provence), the projected marriage aimed at thwarting the influence of the Emperor Friedrich "Barbarossa" through an alliance with Emperor Manuel I, but the betrothal was terminated by Emperor Friedrich as suzerain over the Comté de Provence, the emperor proposing "Goglielmo di Mompellieri" [Guillaume [VIII]] as a suitable alternative [269]. She became a Benedictine nun at Aniane. Betrothed ([1176/78], broken 1178) to RAYMOND BERENGER III Comte de Provence, Infante de Aragón, son of RAMÓN BERENGUER IV Count of Barcelona & his wife Petronilla Queen of Aragon ([1158]-murdered Montpellier 5 Apr 1181). m ([1178/79], divorced Apr 1187) as his first wife, GUILLAUME style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">[VII] Seigneur de Montpellier, son of GUILLAUME [VI] Seigneur de Montpellier & his wife Mathilde de Bourgogne [Capet] (-[Nov/Dec] 1202).
3. THEODORA [ Komnene] . Niketas Choniates names "Comnenus Alexius, nothus Manuelis filius ex nepte Theodora" [270]. The precise paternity of this supposed niece of Emperor Manuel is not known. According to Sturdza, she was the daughter of Evdokia (sister of Emperor Manuel) and her husband Theodoros Vatatzes, but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. It may be based only on speculation, after eliminating all the other brothers and sisters of the emperor whose daughters named Theodora are recorded elsewhere. However, as noted above, there appear to be too many unknown factors in the genealogy of the Komnenos family for arguments by elimination to be reliable. Theodora may have later married strategos Nikephoros Katuphes [271], but this is not certain as Magdalino and Cheynet both show the name of his wife as not known [272]. Mistress: of her maternal uncle, Emperor MANUEL I, son of Emperor IOANNES II & his wife Piroska [Eirene] of Hungary (Constantinople [15 Aug 1118]-24 Sep 1180, bur Monastery of Christ Pantocrator).
4. DAVID Komnenos (-after [1183/85]). Niketas Choniates names "Davidis Comnenis præfecti urbis [Thessalonicæ]", commenting that he was "ignavus" [273].
5. IOANNES Komnenos "Crassus" (-[1200]). Niketas Choniates records the rebellion of "quidam ex Comnenia familia…Iohannes…Crassi cognomentum" against Emperor Alexios III, and his capture and murder [274].
MANUEL Komnenos, son of Emperor IOANNES II & his wife Piroska [Eirene] of Hungary (Constantinople [15 Aug 1118]-24 Sep 1180, bur Monastery of Christ Pantocrator [275]). Ioannes Kinnamos names "Manuel…liberorum Ioannis minimus" [276]. Niketas Choniates names Manuel as son of Emperor Ioannes [277]. Sébastokrator 1122. Named successor after the death of his two oldest brothers in 1142, he succeeded his father in 1143 as Emperor MANUEL I. A successful administrator, his reign marked a further step in the revival of Byzantine power. He was much influenced by western ways, introducing western customs and western advisers to his court at Constantinople, to the displeasure of the Greeks. After confirming his alliance with Germany by his first marriage, he was isolated when his brother-in-law Emperor Konrad III joined the Second Crusade later in 1146. He attempted to require homage from the Crusade's leaders, as his grandfather had from the leaders of the First Crusade. At the same time, Roger II King of Sicily captured Corfu, Corinth and Thebes (1147), but with Venetian help Emperor Manuel recapture Corfu in 1149. Taking advantage of Roger's death in 1154, Manuel I launched an attack on Norman Italy and captured large parts of Apulia. His ambition to recreate a single universal empire was thwarted by Guillaume I King of Sicily who recaptured all the lost territory and defeated the emperor at Brindisi in 1156. On the other hand, Manuel had more success in the east, submitting Armenia and Antioch to his suzerainty in [1158/59] [278]. He also succeeded in conquering Dalmatia, and part of Croatia, Bosnia and Srem from Hungary by 1167, although this resulted in increased tension with Venice whose interests were threatened [279]. On 12 Mar 1171, all Venetians in Byzantium were arrested and their assets confiscated. Venice counter-attacked and captured Khios and Lesbos. These costly wars on several fronts ended by weakening the state. In a final push against the Turks in Asia Minor, Emperor Manuel was defeated in 1176 at Myriokephalon by Kilij Arslan Sultan of Ikonium/Konya, a major setback for the Byzantine war machine [280]. A devotee of astrology, he had the horoscopes of all the members of his family prepared [281]. He became a monk as MATHAIOS in 1180. Niketas Choniates records the death of Emperor Manuel "mense Septembri" [282].
m firstly (Jan 1146) BERTHA von Sulzbach, daughter of BERENGAR I Graf von Sulzbach & his second wife Adelheid von Wolfratshausen (-28 Sep [1159/60]). As the sister-in-law of Konrad III King of Germany, her marriage was arranged to seal the Byzantine/German alliance in 1140. Otto of Freising refers to the proposed marriage of the sister of King Konrad's wife to the son of Emperor Ioannes, in a letter from the king to the emperor which he quotes in full in the Gesta Friderici [283]. However, after the death of Manuel's older brothers and Manuel's accession as emperor, Bertha was no longer considered of sufficiently noble birth to be his bride. The marriage was further delayed when Manuel made additional dowry demands (including Apulia, territory of Roger II King of Sicily [284]). In 1145, Emperor Konrad III declared Bertha his adopted daughter and the marriage proceeded [285]. Bertha adopted the name EIRENE in Byzantium [286]. The necrology of Kloster Neuburg records the death "IV Kal Sep" of "Berhta imperatrix Grecorum" [287]. Ioannes Kinnamos records the death of "imperatrix Irene" without male children, undated but dateable from the context to the late 1150s [288].
Betrothed ([1159/60]) to MELISENDE of Tripoli, daughter of RAYMOND II Count of Tripoli [Toulouse] & his wife Hodierne of Jerusalem (-after 1162). Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Ioannem Contostephanum sebastum et Theophylactum virum Italum" were sent to negotiate a marriage with "puella Tripoli in Phoenicia, gente quidem Latina" [289]. She was nominated by Baudouin III King of Jerusalem in 1159 as a prospective bride when the emperor asked the king to choose a wife for him from among the princesses of Outremer. However, Manual repudiated the betrothal in [Jul] 1161, apparently after being told that there were doubts about Mélisende's legitimacy based on her mother's known quarrel with her father [290].
m secondly (25 Dec 1161) MARIE of Antioch, daughter of RAYMOND de Poitiers Prince of Antioch & his wife Constance Pss of Antioch (1145-murdered 27 Aug 1182). The Lignages d'Outremer name "Beymont et Marguerite" as the two children of "Reimont le fill au comte de Poitiers" & his wife, stating that "Marguerite" married "l'empereour Manuel" [291]. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Basilium quondam, cognomento Camaterum" was sent to negotiate a marriage with "Raimundo Antiochiæ principi filiæ…Maria" [292]. After her mother Constance Pss of Antioch appealed to Emperor Manuel, following Baudouin III King of Jerusalem's decision to set aside her rights to rule in Antioch in favour of her son Bohémond, the emperor sent ambassadors to Antioch to negotiate a marriage with her daughter Marie. Marie set sail for Constantinople in Sep 1161, and was married the following December [293]. After the death of her husband in 1180, she was required to become a nun (as XENA) as a condition for being appointed regent for her son [294]. She became the mistress of Alexios Komnenos, with whom she shared the regency, becoming unpopular because of her Catholic background and their reliance on Latin advisers. Andronikos Komnenos accused her of soliciting help from Hungary, and ordered her imprisonment. After Andronikos forced her son Emperor Alexios to order her death, she was strangled and her body thrown into the sea.
Mistress (1): his niece, THEODORA style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">[Komnene], daughter of ---. Niketas Choniates names "Comnenus Alexius, nothus Manuelis filius ex nepte Theodora" [295]. The precise paternity of this niece of Emperor Manuel is not known. According to Sturdza, she was the daughter of Evdokia (sister of Emperor Manuel) and her husband Theodoros Vatatzes, but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. It may be based only on speculation, after eliminating all the other brothers and sisters of the emperor whose daughters named Theodora are recorded elsewhere. However, as noted above, there appear to be too many unknown factors in the genealogy of the Komnenos family for arguments by elimination to be reliable. Theodora may have later married Nikephoros Katuphes, but this is not certain as Magdalino and Cheynet both show the name of his wife as not known [296].
Emperor Manuel I & his first wife had two children:
1. MARIA Komnene (Mar 1152-poisoned Jul 1182). Niketas Choniates records the betrothal of "Iazæ filio Belæ" and "imperator…Mariam filiam" [297]. Ioannes Kinnamos records the betrothal between "Belam qui post Stephanum Geizæ filius" and "Mariæ filiæ suæ" (Emperor Manuel I) [298]. Niketas Choniates records the proposed betrothal between "Maria filia [Manuelis]" and "Guilielmus Siciliæ rex" [299]. The Annals of Romoald record that Emperor Manuel sent ambassadors to King Guillaume II shortly after his accession proposing this marriage to his only daughter, and in a later passage refer to the betrothal of "filiam suam Zura Mariam" in 1172 [300]. This betrothal was proposed by her father in [1166/67] while Maria was still betrothed to Béla of Hungary, to gain support for his plan to be crowned emperor by the Pope. There is some doubt about how far the negotiations proceeded. If the betrothal did take place, it was terminated by Maria's father [301]. Niketas Choniates records the marriage between "Maria filia [Manuelis]" and "filius Montisferrati marchionis, adolescenti" [302]. William of Tyre names Maria and gives her parentage, when recording her marriage [303]. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1180 of "Manuel imperator Constantinopolitano…filiam suam natam ex priore uxore sua" and "Rainerio filio Willelmi principis Montis Ferrati" [304]. She and her husband became the focus of opposition to the regency of the dowager Empress Maria. She was put to death with her husband by Emperor Andronikos I. Betrothed firstly (1163, contract broken 1169) to BÉLA of Hungary, son of GÉZA II King of Hungary & his wife Ievfrosina Mstislavna of Kiev (1149-23 Apr 1196, bur Székesfehérvár, transferred to Coronation Church Budapest). Under the peace treaty signed 1164 between his brother István III King of Hungary and Emperor Manuel, Béla was confirmed as Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia, and sent to Constantinople (where he adopted the name ALEXIOS) as King István's acknowledged successor [305]. Emperor Manuel granted him the title despot, betrothed him to his daughter Maria and acknowledged him as his heir in Byzantium. In 1169, when the emperor's own son Alexios was born, Béla was demoted from despot to cæsar [306]. The betrothal was terminated, although Béla remained in Constantinople as a member of the imperial family until 1172, when he succeeded his brother as BÉLA III King of Hungary. Betrothed secondly ([1166/67]) to GUILLAUME II King of Sicily, son of GUILLAUME I "le Mauvais" King of Sicily & his wife Infanta doña Margarita de Navarra (1155-17 Nov 1189). m (Feb 1180) RANIERI di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO V "il Vecchio" Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Judith of Austria [Babenberg] (1163-poisoned [19/31] Aug 1182). William of Tyre names him and his father, when recording his marriage, specifying that he was "adolescens" at the time [307]. The Cronica of Sicardi Bishop of Cremona records the marriage of "Wilielmi marchioni [filium] Rainerium" and "Emanuel imperator Constantinopolitanus…filiam suam" [308]. He adopted the name IOANNES in Byzantium. He was granted the title cæsar by his father-in-law in 1180 along with extensive estates in Thessaloniki [309]. After the death of Emperor Manuel in 1180, Ranieri and his wife became the focus of opposition to the regency of her stepmother, dowager Empress Maria. Andronikos Komnenos ordered their murder after seizing power as co-emperor in May 1182.
2. [ANNA] Komnene ([1154]-1158). Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Irena imperatrix" was mother of two daughters "quarum natu maior…vixit, altera…obiit, quartum ætatis annum agens" [310]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified.
Emperor Manuel I & his second wife had one child:
3. ALEXIOS Komnenos (Constantinople 10 Sep 1169-murdered 24 Sep 1183). William of Tyre names him and specifies his parentage when recording his marriage when aged 13 [311]. Niketas Choniates records the succession of "filius Alexius" after the death of "Manuele Comneno" [312]. He succeeded his father in 1180 as Emperor ALEXIOS II, under the regency of his mother. The victim of the manoeuvres of Andronikos Komnenos, the latter overthrew the council of regency, obliged Alexios to order his mother's death, and accept himself as co-emperor. The senate voted the deposition of Alexios, who was strangled a few days later, his body thrown into the Bosphorus. m ([2 Mar] 1180) as her first husband, AGNES de France, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his third wife Alix de Champagne (1171-after 1240). Benedict of Peterborough records that "Lodovicus rex Francorum Agnetem filiam suam quam Ala regina Francorum…peperat" was sent to Constantinople in 1179 to marry "Alexio filio Manuelis imperatoris Constantinopolis" [313]. William of Tyre names her and her father, when recording her marriage [314]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the daughter of King Louis VII & his third wife as "imperatricem Grecorum quam duxit Alexius filius Manuelis" [315]. She adopted the name ANNA on her marriage. Niketas Choniates records that Andronikos married "Annam imperatoris Alexii sponsam, regis Francorum filiam", stating that she was only eleven years old [316]. Benedict of Peterborough records the death of her first husband and her second marriage to his successor [317]. She married secondly (1184) as his second wife, Emperor Andronikos I, and thirdly (1204) Theodoros Branas Duke of Adrianople. After being widowed for the third time, she lived as a recluse in the palace of Bukoleon.
Emperor Manuel I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):
4. ALEXIOS Komnenos ([1152/63]-after 1188). Niketas Choniates names "Comnenus Alexius, nothus Manuelis filius ex nepte Theodora" [318] .The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records that "Polycarpe fils aîné de Manuel empereur de Grèce" fell in love with Thamar Queen of Georgia (in the late 1170s), commenting that "Andronic" arrested him and killed him when he succeeded to the throne [319] . No other record has been found of a son of Emperor Manuel of this name, but it is possible that it refers to Alexios.Sébastokrator. He revolted against Emperor Andronikos I in 1184 and was blinded. He was recalled by Emperor Isaakios II, made cæsar, then arrested and required to become a monk at Mount Papykios [320]. m (Summer 1183) EIRENE Komnene, illegitimate daughter of Emperor ANDRONIKOS I & his mistress Theodora Komnene. Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "filiam Irenen [Andronici] ex consobrina Theodora Comnena" and "Alexio, Manuelis ex incesto concubitu…filio" [321] .
ANDRONIKOS Komnenos, son of ISAAKIOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife --- ([1123/24] [322]-murdered Constantinople 12 Sep 1185). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He lived at the court of the Prince of Galich. Governor [strategos and autokrator] of Cilicia 1150-1153. Thoros II Lord of the Mountains [Armenia-Rupen] routed his army at Mamistra in 1151 after unsuccessfully attempting to recapture the town from him [323]. Duke of Niš and Braničevo 1153. Claimant to the throne of Byzantium 1154/55. The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records the visit to Giorgi III King of Georgia (therefore dated to after 1157, the date of his accession) of "Andronic Comnène, cousin germain, par son père, de manuel le Grand…accompagné de sa femme…de ses fils et de ceux de sa sœur" [324]. Thoros of Armenia blamed Andronikos for the murder of his half-brother Stephané in 1162 and attacked the Byzantine garrisons at Mamistra, Anazarbus and Vahka in reprisal [325]. He was reappointed governor of Cilicia in 1166. After a visit to Antioch he started an affair with Theodora, sister of Bohémond III Prince of Antioch, and was evicted from Antioch. He was replaced as governor of Cilicia in 1167 by Konstantinos Kalamanos [Hungary]. He offered his services to Amaury I King of Jerusalem who gave him the fief of Beirut. He met his cousin Theodora Komnene, widow of Baudouin III King of Jerusalem, at Acre and she came to live with him at Beirut [326]. Strategos of Paphlagonia 1180/82. Marching on Constantinople with troops from Paphlagonia, he overthrew the regency of Empress Marie and Alexios Komnenos and obliged Emperor Alexios II to accept him as co-emperor 16 May 1182. To gain popularity he ordered the massacre of the Latins, including the papal legate who was beheaded. He ordered the murder of Emperor Alexios II and usurped the throne in Sep 1183, succeeding as Emperor ANDRONIKOS I. Once emperor, he aimed to rid the empire of the foreign Latin influence, weaken the aristocracy and land-owners, and eliminate corruption. Béla III King of Hungary invaded Byzantine territory in 1183, occupied Beograd and Braničevo and, after forming an alliance with Nemanja Grand Župan of Serbia, sacked Niš and Sardika (Sofija), later moving into Thrace [327]. Against the threat from the Normans who had captured Durazzo, Corfu and Thessaloniki, Andronikos allied himself with Venice. Andronikos ruled with unequalled cruelty, the people of Constantinople eventually revolted against him and proclaimed Isaakios Angelos as emperor. Andronikos tried to escape disguised as a monk, but was captured and tortured by his successor, and eventually mangled to death by a mob in Constantinople. His fall represented a victory for the aristocracy which was to consolidate its power further under his successors from the Angelos family.
m firstly ---. The name of Andronikos's first wife is not known. A clue is provided by "George" being called the brother of Andronikos's wife in 1183. However, there is no indication who this George may have been or which wife (or mistress) of Andronikos was referred to. According to Europäische Stammtafeln [328], she may have been the sister of Giorgios Palaiologos pansébastos, but this is presumably nothing more than a guess. According to Sturdza [329], the first wife of Andronikos Komnenos was Helena of Georgia, daughter of Demetre I King of Georgia, but this does not seem to be based on a factual source.
m secondly (1184) as her second husband, ANNA style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">[Agnès] de France, widow of Emperor ALEXIOS II, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his third wife Alix de Champagne (1171-after 1240). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the daughter of King Louis VII & his third wife as "imperatricem Grecorum quam duxit Alexius filius Manuelis" [330]. William of Tyre names her and her father, when recording her marriage [331]. Benedict of Peterborough records that "Lodovicus rex Francorum Agnetem filiam suam quam Ala regina Francorum…peperat" was sent to Constantinople in 1179 to marry "Alexio filio Manuelis imperatoris Constantinopolis" [332]. She adopted the name ANNA on her first marriage. Benedict of Peterborough records the death of her first husband and her second marriage to his successor [333]. Niketas Choniates records that Andronikos married "Annam imperatoris Alexii sponsam, regis Francorum filiam", stating that she was only eleven years old [334]. She married thirdly (1204) Theodoros Branas Duke of Adrianople. Her third marriage is deduced from Villehardouin naming "Theodore Branas, a Greek who was married to the king of France's sister" when recording that Apros was restored to him in 1205 [335]. After being widowed for the third time, she lived as a recluse in the palace of Bukoleon.
Mistress (1): (1150/52) EVDOKIA Komnene, widow of ---, daughter of ANDRONIKOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Eirene [Aineiadissa]. Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that Andronikos left daughters "Mariam, Theodoram et Eudociam", adding that Evdokia became the mistress of Andronikos Komnenos after the death of her husband [336]. This must refer to a first marriage which is unrecorded elsewhere, as her marriage to Mikhael Gabras is recorded subsequent to her affair with Andronikos Komnenos. She married secondly ([1152/53]) Mikhael Gabras. In a later passage, Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Eudocia Comnenia Andronici amica" and "Michæle…Gabra" [337]. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Michael cognomento Gabras" married "ex fratre Manuelis neptim" [338].
Mistress (2): ---. The name of Andronikos's second mistress is not known.
Mistress (3): (1166/67) PHILIPPA of Antioch, daughter of RAYMOND de Poitiers Prince of Antioch & his wife Constance Pss of Antioch ([1148]-1178). Niketas Choniates records that Philippa, sister of Empress Maria, was mistress of Andronikos Komnenos [339]. Andronikos Komnenos met her while visiting Antioch in his capacity of governor of Cilicia. She married (after 1166) as his second wife, Honfroy style="COLOR: windowtext">[II] Lord of Toron, Constable of Jerusalem.
Mistress (4): (1167/85) THEODORA Komnene, widow of BAUDOUIN III King of Jerusalem, daughter of ISAAKIOS Komnenos sébastokrator & his second wife Eirene Diplosynadene ([1146]-). Niketas Choniates names "Theodora Comnenia, Isaacii sebastocratoris filia" as mistress of "Comnenus Andronicus imperatoris Manuelis patrueli" [340]. After her husband's death, she retired to Acre where she met Andronikos Komnenos, to whom Amaury I King of Jerusalem had recently given the fief of Beirut, and lived with him as his mistress at Beirut from 1167. Emperor Manuel demanded the recall of Andronikos, but the couple fled to Damascus and sought refuge with Nur ed-Din. Thereafter they lived together in various locations in the Muslim world until Andronikos was given a castle in Paphlagonia where they settled [341].
Emperor Andronikos I & his first wife had three children:
1. MANUEL Komnenos (before 1152-1185 or after). Niketas Choniates names "Iohannes et Manuel" as the two sons of "Andronici" when recording that "protosebastus" put them in chains during the reign of Emperor Alexios but were released from prison [342]. In a later passage, Niketas Choniates clarifies that Manuel was the older brother: "Manuel primogenitus Andronici" [343]. Sebastokrator 1182. Blinded and imprisoned 1185. m [--- of Georgia], daughter of [GIORGI III King of Georgia & his wife Burdukan of Ossetia]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln [344] and Sturdza [345], the wife of Manuel Komnenos was the daughter of Davit IV King of Georgia. The primary source on which this speculation is based has not yet been identified, but the hypothesis is chronologically impossible in view of King Davit´s death which is recorded in 1125. An alternative indication of her parentage is provided by the Chronicle of Michael Panaretos which records that her son "Lord Alexios the Grand Komnenos…marching out from Iberia due to the zeal and labour of his paternal aunt Thamar…took control of Trebizond in Apr 1204 aged 22" [346]. It is impossible that "Thamar", presumably indicating Queen Thamar of Georgia, was Alexios´s paternal aunt. However, if the passage (the original Greek has not been seen) could correctly be translated as "maternal aunt", it is possible that Manuel´s wife was the queen´s younger sister, maybe the same person as the unnamed younger sister who is referred to in the Georgian Chronicle (18th century) and about whose fate nothing further is revealed in the primary sources which have been consulted (see GEORGIA). Manuel Komnenos & his wife had two children:
a) lang=ES ALEXIOSlang=ES> Megas Komnenos (Constantinople [1181/82]-Trebizond 1 Feb 1222). Niketas Choniates names "David…et Alexius fratres, Manuele Andronici Romanorum tyranny filio nati" when recording that they governed "alter Ponti Heracleam et Paphlagoniam…alter Alexius Oenæum et Sinopem urbes et ipsam Trapezuntamstyle="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">" [347]. He founded the empire in Trebizond, declaring himself Emperor ALEXIOS I in Apr 1204. The Chronicle of Michael Panaretos records that "Lord Alexios the Grand Komnenos…marching out from Iberia due to the zeal and labour of his paternal aunt Thamar…took control of Trebizond in Apr 1204 aged 22" [348]. This passage suggests that, following the overthrow of his father, Alexios had been brought up at the Georgian court where he had sought refuge.
b) DAVID Komnenos ([1184]-killed in battle Sinope 13 Dec 1214). Niketas Choniates names "David…et Alexius fratres, Manuele Andronici Romanorum tyranny filio nati" when recording that they governed "alter Ponti Heracleam et Paphlagoniam…alter Alexius Oenæum et Sinopem urbes et ipsam Trapezuntam style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">" [349]. He escaped to Georgia with his brother on the overthrow of their grandfather. With Georgian military support, he conquered Herakleia and, after advancing westwards, Sinope, Kastamouni and Paphlagonia [350]. He became a vassal of the Latin Empire of Constantinople in 1214, but was defeated by Theodoros Laskaris Emperor of Nikaia who annexed Sinope later in 1214 [351], although it was seized by the Seljuk Sultan of Iconium soon afterwards.
2. IOANNES Komnenos ([1158/59]-murdered 1185). Niketas Choniates names "Iohannes et Manuel" as the two sons of "Andronici" when recording that "protosebastus" put them in chains during the reign of Emperor Alexios but were released from prison [352]. In an earlier passage, Niketas Choniates names "Iohanne" as the son of Andronikos Komnenos by his legitimate wife and states that he was taken to Emperor Manuel at Constantinople [353]. His father declared him heir to the imperial throne in 1183.
3. MARIA Komnene (before 1160-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (after 1184) THEODOROS Synadenos, son of ---.
Emperor Andronikos I had [two] illegitimate children by Mistress (1):
4. [ALEXIOS Komnenos ([1150/52]-). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) names "Alexis, un de ses proches parents, un neveu paternal de l'empereur de Grèce, qui se trouvait pour lors dans notre pays" as an unsuccessful candidate for Queen Thamar's hand in marriage (in the late 1170s) [354] . Alexios, son of the future Emperor Andronikos I, is the only known member of the Komnenos family who fits this description. He fled Constantinople in 1185.]
5. [ style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: gray">EIRENE Komnene ([1150/52]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. It is highly unlikely that she married Nikephoros Palaiologos, dux in Trebizond. The alleged marriage first appears in Rüdt-Collenberg who does not cite any sources [355] .]
Emperor Andronikos I had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2):
6. daughter. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: gray">m (before 1184) ROMANOS ---, a Slav. He was a former slave according to Sturdza [356] . Governor of Durazzo.
Emperor Andronikos I had two illegitimate children by Mistress (4):
7. EIRENE Komnene (after 1168-). Niketas Choniates names "Alexio et Irene" as two children of Andronikos Komnenos by his mistress Theodora who were taken to Emperor Manuel I at Constantinople [357] . Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "filiam Irenen [Andronici] ex consobrina Theodora Comnena" and "Alexio, Manuelis ex incesto concubitu…filio" [358] . style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: gray">m (Summer 1183) ALEXIOS Komnenos, sébastokrator, illegitimate son of Emperor MANUEL I & his mistress Theodora --- ([1152/63]-after 1188). He was blinded by his father-in-law in 1184.
8. ALEXIOS Komnenos (1170-). Niketas Choniates names "Alexio et Irene" as two children of Andronikos Komnenos by his mistress Theodora who were taken to Emperor Manuel I at Constantinople [359] .
The relationship between Isaakios Komnenos and the Komnenos family shown above is not known. He was clearly a close relation as shown by his title sébastokrator, which was only given to sons, brothers, paternal uncles and great-uncles of the emperor under the system of titles introduced by Emperor Alexios I.
1. ISAAKIOS Komnenos, son of --- (-in prison Trnovo, soon after 1196). Sébastokrator 1195. General. He led his father-in-law's campaign in Bulgaria in 1196 but was defeated on the Struma River, captured and sent to Trnovo where he soon died in prison [360]. m (before 1190) as her first husband, ANNA Komnene Angelina, daughter of ALEXIOS Angelos [later Emperor ALEXIOS III] & his wife Euphrosyne Doukas Kamateros ([1175/80]-1212). Niketas Choniates names "Contostephanus Andronicus et Isaacius Comenus" as "duo generi" of Emperor Alexios [361]. Ephræmius records that "filiarum…iunior…Anna" married "Comnenorum…Isaacio, qui apud Moesos obiit in vinculis" [362]. She married secondly (1199) Theodoros Komnenos Laskaris, who later succeeded as THEODOROS I Emperor of Nikaia. Niketas Choniates records the second marriage of "imperator…filias…Annam" and "Theodoro Lascaro, adolescenti" [363]. Isaakios Komnenos & his wife had one child:
a) THEODORA Angelina Komnene. Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Isaacii sebastocratoris…filiæ eius Theodoræ" and "Ibancus", clarifying in a later passage that she was "immatura ætate" and naming "matris eius Annæ viduæ" [364]. She was a hostage in Constantinople [1197/99]. Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "neptem Theodoram, pridem Ibanco desponsam" and "Chrysumstyle="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">" [365]. m firstly ([1196/97]) IVANKO, son of --- [Bulgaria] (-murdered early 1200). After he murdered Ivan Asen I Tsar of Bulgaria in 1196, and temporarily took control of Trnovo, Ivanko escaped to Constantinople, where he was offered the emperor's granddaughter as a bride [366]. He adopted the name ALEXIOS on his marriage. Byzantine military leader. Prince in Central Thrace early 1199. He revolted against Emperor Alexios III and defeated the Byzantine troops sent to attack him. He was murdered after agreeing a meeting with the emperor [367]. m secondly ([1201/02]) as his third wife, DOBROMIR Hrs [Chrysos], Lord of Prosek, son of --- (-murdered [1209/11]). He was also known as "Dobromir Strez", the Slav version of his Greek name "Chrysos". Previously son-in-law of General Konstantinos Kamytzes [368], whom he had helped escape from Bulgarian captivity, he abandoned his father-in-law and repudiated his second wife after Emperor Alexios offered him his granddaughter as a new bride [369]. Sébastokrator.
ANDRONIKOS Doukas. Domestikos 904. Georgius Monachus Continuatus names "Ducem…Androniki" [370]. He converted to Islam before 908 [371].
m ---. The name of Andronikos's wife is not known.
Andronikos Doukas & his wife had two children:
1. KONSTANTINOS Doukas (-Jun 913). His parentage is confirmed by Georgius Monachus Continuatus which names "Gregoram legionum domesticum Iberitzem" as "consocerum" of "Ducem…Androniki" [372]. Domestikos. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Constantino Duci scholarum domestico" rebelled after the death of Emperor Alexander in 913 [373]. m --- Iberitzaina, daughter of GREGORAS Iberitzes & his wife ---. Theophanes Continuatus records that "uxorem [Constantini]" was sent "in illius domum in Paphlagonia" with "eiusque filium Stephanum" [374]. Her parentage is suggested by Theophanes Continuatus which records that "Gregoras Constantini socero" sought refuge in "in sanctam dei Sophiam…ecclesiam" [375]. The identity of her father is confirmed by Georgius Monachus Continuatus which names "Gregoram legionum domesticum Iberitzem" as "consocerum" of "Ducem…Androniki" [376]. Cedrenus names "Constantinus Ducas Andronicus filius" and "magistri Gregoræ Iberitzæ soceri sui" [377]. She was sent to Paphlagonia with her son Stephanos in 913. Konstantinos Doukas & his wife had two children:
a) GREGORAS Doukas (-Constantinople Jun 913). Theophanes Continuatus records that "Gregoras Ducis filius" (referring to "Constantino Duci") and "Michael eius consobrinus" were killed in a street fight [378].
b) STEPHANOS Doukas . Theophanes Continuatus records that "uxorem [Constantini]" was sent "in illius domum in Paphlagonia" with "eiusque filium Stephanum" [379].
2. --- Doukas . m ---. One child:
a) MIKHAEL Doukas (-Constantinople Jun 913). Theophanes Continuatus records that "Gregoras Ducis filius" (referring to "Constantino Duci") and "Michael eius consobrinus" were killed in a street fight [380].
It is not known how Andronikos Doukas and the brothers Konstantinos and Ioannes Doukas were related to the preceding family. However, Psellos indicates that there is a connection when he names "the Duke Constantine….[descended]…from the celebrated Dukas…Andronicus and Constantine who are the object of much attention in the writings of historians", when recording that Konstantinos was chosen to succeed Emperor Isaakios I [381]. He may have originated from Paphlagonia, where the family owned estates along the River Meander near Nikomedia. The family also owned land in Macedonia [382].
1. ANDRONIKOS Doukas . Protospatharios and strategos. A seal dated to [1030/50] names "Andronikas Doukas protospatharios and strategos of Great Preslav" [383].
Two brothers and one sister, parents not known:
1. KONSTANTINOS Doukas ([1006/07]-22 May 1067). Psellos names "the Duke Constantine….[descended]…from the celebrated Dukas…Andronicus and Constantine who are the object of much attention in the writings of historians", when recording that he was chosen to succeed Emperor Isaakios I [384]. Bestarches 1057. President of the Senate. He succeeded in 1059 as Emperor KONSTANTINOS X style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">.
2. IOANNES Doukas (-12 May [1088]). Psellos records that Emperor Konstantinos "promoted his brother John to the dignity of cæsar" [385]. In 1073, he was proclaimed emperor at Amorium by Roussel de Bailleul (commander of the Norman mercenaries), who had mutinied against Emperor Mikhael VII, and marched on Constantinople. Emperor Mikhael sought help from the Seljuks, promising them east Anatolia, and they surrounded Roussel's forces on Mount Sophon in Cappadocia [386]. Ioannes became a monk as IGNATIOS in 1076. The Alexeiad records that "the Cæsar Ioannes, his paternal uncle" advised Emperor Mikhael Doukas to retire to a monastery after he was deposed [387]. Imperial counsellor in 1081. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "12 May, Ignatios, grandfather of Empress" [388]. m ([1045]) EIRENE Pegonitissa, daughter of LEON Pegonites, General & his wife --- (-8 Sep [1060/66]). Psellos names Leon Pegonites as father of Eirene, wife of Ioannes Doukas [389]. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "8 Sep Irene, grandmother of the Empress" [390]. Ioannes Doukas & his wife had two children:
a) ANDRONIKOS Doukas (-14 Oct 1077). The Alexeiad names "Andronikos, the Cæsar's eldest son" as the father of Empress Eirene [391]. Co-emperor 1067-1070.
- see below.
b) KONSTANTINOS Doukas (-[1075/76]). Mikhael Glykas refers to "Iohanni Cæsari…filiis…Constantinus…filius alter…Andronicus" [392]. Psellos records that Emperor Mikhael VII appointed "the cæsar's younger son" as commander-in-chief of his army in 1071, and that he defeated ex-Emperor Romanos IV on his approach to Constantinople [393]. Protoproedros. Protostrator 1073. m ---. The name of Konstantinos's wife is not known. Konstantinos Doukas & his wife had one child:
i) [--- Doukas. As noted below, the poet Theodore Prodromos states that a grandson of the cæsar Ioannes Doukas married the eldest daughter of Isaakios Komnenos [394]. His name and precise parentage are not known. Polemis assumes that he was an otherwise unknown son of Konstantinos Doukas since he assumes that the brothers of Empress Eirene, sons of Andronikos Doukas, would not have married a niece of their sister's husband [395]. He is named Ioannes by Sturdza [396], but the basis for this is not known. m [ANNA style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">]Komnene, daughter of ISAAKIOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Irena of Georgia. The poet Theodore Prodromos states that Isaakios's eldest daughter married a grandson of the cæsar Ioannes Doukas [397]. She is named Anna by Sturdza [398], but presumably this is an informed guess as it is the name which would normally have been given to Isaakios's eldest daughter in line with contemporary family naming patterns among Byzantine nobility (being the name of her paternal grandmother) [399]. An alternative possibility is that the oldest daughter, Anna, died young and that the wife of Doukas was the oldest surviving daughter.] --- Doukas & his wife had one child:
(a) ZOE Doukaina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1120. m GEORGIOS Botaneiates, son of ---.
3. MARIA . A seal dated to [1042/67] names "Maria nun and…sister of Konstantinos despotes" [400].
ANDRONIKOS Doukas, son of IOANNES Doukas, cæsar & his wife Eirene Pegonitissa (-14 Oct 1077). The Alexeiad names "Andronikos, the Cæsar's eldest son" as the father of Empress Eirene [401]. Mikhael Glykas refers to "Iohanni Cæsari…filiis…Constantinus…filius alter…Andronicus" [402]. Co-emperor 1067-1070. Commander of the imperial fleet in 1068, he fled from the battle scene at Manzikert in Aug 1071 and deliberately spread the rumour that the battle was lost, which eventually it was [403]. Protoproedros, Protobestarios. Psellos records that "Andronicus, the elder of the cæsar's sons, was given command of the imperial armies" [404]. Domestikos of the Orient 1073. He became a monk as ANTONIOS. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "14 Oct, monk Antonios, father of the Empress" [405].
m ([before 1061]) MARIA Troiane, daughter of TROJAN [Troianos] of Bulgaria & his wife --- (-after 1089). Her parentage is confirmed by Nikephoros Bryennios who records that "uxor Andronici" was "genus a Samuele…Bulgarorum rege, e cuius filio Troianne nata ipsa erat", adding that "materna vero ei prosapia referebatur ad Contostephanos, Aballantes et Phocadas" [406]. The Alexeiad records that "the daughter-in-law of the Cæsar Ioannes…protovestiaria" was imprisoned "in the nunnery of Petrion near the Sidera" when the Komnenoi plot against Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates was discovered, referring to her as "kinswoman" of Anna Dalassena and, in a later passage, stating that she "was of Bulgarian descent" [407]. Protobestiaria. She became a nun as XENE. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "21 Nov, nun Xene mother of the Empress" [408].
Andronikos Doukas & his wife had six children:
1. MIKHAEL Doukas (1061-9 Jan [1108/18]). The Alexeiad names Mikhael and Ioannes as grandsons of "the Cæsar Ioannes" and "Georgios Palaiologos the husband of their sister" [409]. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "9 Jan, monk Michael, brother of the Empress" [410]. m [ EUPHROSYNE], daughter of ---. The name of Mikhael Doukas's wife is not known. However, a couple named Mikhael Doukas and his wife Euphrosyne are attested, the husband possibly being the son of Andronikos Doukas [411]. Mikhael Doukas & his wife had four children:
a) KONSTANTINOS Doukas . Theophylact of Ohrid sent three letters addressed to Konstantinos, son of Mikhael [412]. Sébastos. 1118.
b) THEODOROS Doukas. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Pansébastos. m ([1125]) THEODORA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Theodoros & his wife had one child:
i) EUPHROSYNE . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m NIKOLAS Mavrokatakalon.
c) [ANNA] Doukaina. The source quoted by Polemis, a saint's life, states that an unnamed daughter of Mikhael Doukas married Ioannes, a nephew of Emperor Alexios I [413]. A transcript of tomb inscriptions from the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos, now Fethiye Camii, published by Peter Schreiner in Dumbarton Oaks Studies, lists the individuals named below as descendants of the church's founders Ioannes Komnenos and Anna Doukaina [414], although it is not clear that this refers to the same couple. m IOANNES Komnenos, son of MIKHAEL Doukas & his wife --- (-[1106]). He was appointed dux of Durazzo in 1092 by his uncle Emperor Alexios I. Protosébastos 1105.
d) [EIRENE Doukaina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m GREGORIOS Kamateros, son of ---. Sébastos.]
2. KONSTANTINOS Doukas (-10 Sep after 1081). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "10 Sep, Sebaste Constantine brother of the Empress" [415]. His death can be assumed after 1081 as his brother-in-law Emperor Alexios I must have awarded him the title sébastos after his accession.
3. STEPHANOS Doukas (-10 Sep after 1081). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "20 Oct, Sebaste Stephanos brother of the Empress" [416]. His death can be assumed after 1081 as his brother-in-law Emperor Alexios I must have awarded him the title sébastos after his accession.
4. ANNA Doukaina (-[1110/35]). The Alexeiad names Anna as the wife of Georgios Palaiologos, her origin being deduced from the text stating that "the protovestiaria" was his mother-in-law and making it clear that the couple married before the Komnenoi plot against Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates [417]. It is likely that she was older than her brother Ioannes, who was described in the same source as "only a young boy" around the same time. m (before 1081) GEORGIOS Palaiologos, son of NIKEPHOROS Palaiologos & his wife [--- Kurtikina] ([1110/36]).
5. EIRENE Doukaina ([1065/66]-[19 Feb 1123]). The Alexeiad records that Eirene, mother of Anna Komnene, was "kinswoman" of the Doukas family and "legal wife of my [Anna Komnene's] father" but does not name her parents [418]. This passage follows soon after the text which names Mikhael and Ioannes as grandsons of "the Cæsar Ioannes" and "Georgios Palaiologos the husband of their sister" [419]. The omission of Eirene from this list of brothers and sister suggests that she was not the daughter of Andronikos Doukas. In another passage, the Alexeiad records that Anna "on my mother's side [was] related to the Doukas" [420]. Any doubts about her parentage are resolved in a further passage which records that, at the time of the Komnenoi rebellion in 1081, the future Emperor Alexios left "his wife, fifteen years old at the time…in the 'lower' palace with her sisters and mother and the Cæsar, her grandfather on the paternal side", and in yet another passage which explicitly states that she was "a daughter of Andronikos, the Cæsar's eldest son" [421]. Nikephoros Bryennios records that "Alexium Comnenum" married "primogenitam…filiarum" of Andronikos [422]. The Alexeiad records that she was crowned empress "on the seventh day after the public proclamation" of her husband's accession [423]. She supported her daughter's attempt to have the latter's husband Nikephoros Briennios succeed her husband as emperor, but retired to a convent after her husband died. m (betrothed before Oct 1077, [1078]) as his second wife, ALEXIOS Komnenos, son of IOANNES Komnenos, kuropalates and domestikos & his wife Anna Dalassena ([1048/57]-15 Aug 1118). He succeeded in 1081 as Emperor ALEXIOS I.
6. EUDOKIA Doukas (-8 Nov ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "8 Nov, Eudocia, sister of the Empress" [424].
7. IOANNES Doukas (-5 Jan before 1136). The Alexeiad names Ioannes as grandson of "the Cæsar Ioannes…only a young boy", but does not name his father, when recording that he was living with his grandfather on the latter's estate at Moroboundos at the time of the Komnenoi plot against Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates [425]. His parentage is confirmed from a later passage in the Alexeiad which names Mikhael and Ioannes as grandsons of "the Cæsar Ioannes" and "Georgios Palaiologos the husband of their sister" [426]. He was appointed cæsar 1089. Megas dux before 1090 and after [1092/93]. Dux of Durazzo 1090/92. He became a monk as ANTONIOS. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "5 Jan, monk Antonios, brother of the Empress" [427].
8. THEODORA Doukaina ([1070]-21 Feb before 1116). Nikephoros Bryennios records that "mimimam natu [filiarum] Theodoram" devoted herself to God "ab ipsa prima infantia" [428]. She became a nun as EIRENE. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "21 Feb, nun Irene sister of the Empress" [429].
It is not known how the following individuals were related to the main Doukas family, if at all.
1. ANNA Doukaina, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ALEXIOS KomnenoDoukas Palaiologos, son of ---. 1166.
2. EVDOKIA Doukaina, daughter of ---. She is named as wife of Andronikos in a tomb inscription at the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos, now Fethiye Camii, [430]. m ANDRONIKOS Komnenos, son of IOANNES Komnenos [dux of Durrazzo] & his wife Anna Doukaina.
3. MARIA Doukaina, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m ALEXIOS Komnenos, son of ANDRONIKOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Eirene [Aineiadissa] ([1136]-murdered 1183). Head of the Regency Council 1180-1182.
4. ANNA Doukaina. The Chronicle of Otto of Freising records that Boris, while in Greece, married "consanguineam sibi imperatoris Kaloioannis" but does not specify her name or her precise parentage [431]. According to Sturdza [432], she was the daughter of Konstantinos Doukas sébastos, son of Mikhael Doukas protostator and sébastos, but the basis for this is not known. According to Kerbl [433], her marriage probably took place before the death of Emperor Ioannes II with whom Boris enjoyed good relations. She became a nun as ARETE. m BORIS KONRAD of Hungary, son of KÁLMÁN King of Hungary & his second wife Ievfemia Vladimirovna of Kiev ([1113]-killed in battle [1155/56]). Panhypersébastos. Pretender to the throne of Hungary 1131/55.
1. KONSTANTINOS Doukas "Makrodoukas" (-murdered 30 May 1185). lang=ES>Niketas Choniates names "Macroducas Constantinus" [434] lang=ES>.lang=ES> Pansébastos, panhypersébastos. He was stoned to death at the Manganes on the orders of Emperor Andronikos I. m (before 1166) [--- Komnene], daughter of [ISAAKIOS Komnenos sébastokrator & his first wife Theodora ---]. Niketas Choniates records that "Macroducæ Constantini" married "materteram Isaacii" (referring to Isaakios Doukas, later Emperor in Cyprus) [435]. If matertera in this passage is interpreted strictly, Konstantinos´s wife was the daughter of Isaakios Komnenos. However, Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Constantino Ducas" married "imperatoris ex sorore neptim" [436], which indicates that Konstantinos´s wife was the daughter of one of Emperor Manuel I´s sisters. It is not known which version might be correct. Konstantinos Makrodoukas & his wife had [two possible children]:
a) [ZOE Doukas. According to Sturdza [437], the wife of Ioannes Angelos was Zoe, daughter of Konstantinos Doukas Makrodoukas & his wife Anna Komnene, but there appears to be no proof that this person ever existed. The source for Ioannes's wife being named Zoe goes back to an author in 1643 but no further [438]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln [439], Ioannes married twice, both his wives possibly being named Zoe. The speculation concerning his two marriages may result from the apparent chronological anomaly of his son Theodoros being born when his father must have been in his fifties or sixties. If Ioannes was married twice, and if the marriage to Zoe Doukas is correct and her parentage as shown in Sturdza, it is likely that she was Ioannes's second wife and the mother of Theodoros as her own mother would have been born in [1134/44]. m [as his second wife,] IOANNES Konstantinos Doukas Angelos, son of KONSTANTINOS Angelos & his wife Theodora Komnene (-[1200]). Sébastokrator.]
b) ISAAKIOS Makrodoukas (-executed 1185). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m as her first husband, MARGIT of Hungary, daughter of GÉZA II King of Hungary & his wife Ievfrosina Mstislavna of Kiev (posthumously 1162-before 1208). The Chronicon Posoniense records that "dux Geyza…soror eius" married in Greece but does not name her [440]. The primary source which confirms her name and the precise identity of her first husband has not yet been identified. Her second marriage is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln [441], but the source on which this is based has not yet been identified. She married secondly (after 1186) András Gespan of Somogy. Isaakios Makrodoukas & his wife had one child:
i) ANDRONIKOS Makrodoukas. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He lived in Hungary.
KONSTANTINOS Doukas, son of ANDRONIKOS Doukas & his wife --- ([1006/07]-22 May 1067). Bestarches 1057. President of the Senate. Proedros in Asia Minor [442]. Zonaras names "Dalassenus" and "Constantinus Ducas eius gener" when recording that the latter was imprisoned by Emperor Mikhael IV [443]. Psellos names "the Duke Constantine….[descended]…from the celebrated Dukas…Andronicus and Constantine", when recording that he was chosen to succeed Emperor Isaakios I [444]. He was nominated as his successor by Emperor Isaakios I and succeeded in 1059 on the latter's abdication as Emperor KONSTANTINOS X style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">. He reduced the armed forces as a means of controlling the over-powerful army, a fatal move for the empire which was under threat in the west from the Normans of Calabria and in the east from the lawlessness which followed the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad [445]. Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan intensified raids on Byzantine territory, destroying the former Armenian capital Ani in 1064, and by 1066 was in full control of Armenia [446]. Emperor Konstantinos devoted his time to civil administration [447]. Psellos records that Emperor Konstantinos "had lived slightly over sixty years" when he died [448].
m firstly --- Dalassene, daughter of KONSTANTINOS Dalassenos, General & his wife --- (-after 1039). Psellos records that Konstantinos's first wife was "the daughter of the great Constantine Dalassenus" [449]. Zonaras names "Dalassenus" and "Constantinus Ducas eius gener" when recording that the latter was imprisoned by Emperor Mikhael IV [450].
m secondly (before 1050) EVDOKIA Makrembolitissa, niece of Patriarch MIKHAEL Keroularios, daughter of IOANNES Makrembolites & his wife --- (-1096). Psellos names "Eudocia" as wife of Emperor Konstantinos [451]. The Historia of Mikhael Attaliota records that "vestiarius Constantinus Ducas" married "neptis patriarchæ [Kerularii]" [452]. Nikephoros Bryennios names "eius coniuge Eudocia, cum Michaele, Andronico et Constantino filiis" as survivors of "Ducas" [453]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Regent for her son Emperor Mikhael VII 1067. Psellos records that her husband on his deathbed made her swear she would never remarry [454], but she married secondly (1 Jan 1068) Romanos Diogenes, who immediately succeeded as Emperor Romanos IV. Psellos records the second marriage of "Eudocia" and "Romanus, the son of Diogenes" [455]. On the overthrow of Emperor Romanos, she ruled jointly with her son, but was soon overthrown and confined to a convent.
Emperor Konstantinos X & his second wife had seven children. Psellos records that they were born "not only before his accession to the throne but afterwards" [456].
1. MIKHAEL Doukas (-[1090]). Mikhael Glykas names "Michaelum, Andronicum et Constantinum purpurigenam" as the sons of Emperor Konstantinos & his wife [457]. Nikephoros Bryennios names "eius coniuge Eudocia, cum Michaele, Andronico et Constantino filiis" as survivors of "Ducas" [458]. Psellos names Mikhael as eldest child of Konstantinos and his wife [459]. He succeeded his father in 1067 as Emperor MIKHAEL VII "Parapinakes", under the regency of his mother. After her remarriage in 1068, Emperor Mikhael was demoted to co-emperor to her second husband Emperor Romanos IV. The Seljuk Turks raided Neocæsaria and Amorium in 1068, Iconium in 1069 and Chonæ in 1070 [460]. During Emperor Romanos's imprisonment by the Seljuks which followed the battle of Manzikert in Aug 1071, Mikhael VII manoeuvred himself back into power with the support of the Varangian guards [461]. Despite pressure to banish his mother, he at first ruled as co-emperor with her, but finally confined her to a convent and ruled alone from 24 Oct 1071. The Seljuks, considering their agreement with Emperor Romanos IV null and void after his overthrow, invaded Byzantium. In 1073, Emperor Mikhael's uncle Ioannes Doukas was proclaimed emperor at Amorium by Roussel de Bailleul (commander of the Norman mercenaries), who had mutinied against Emperor Mikhael VII, and marched on Constantinople. Emperor Mikhael sought help from the Seljuks, promising them the cession of east Anatolia, and they surrounded Roussel's forces on Mount Sophon in Cappadocia [462]. Emperor Mikhael made friendly contact with Pope Gregory VII and also betrothed his son to the daughter of Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia in 1074 [463], although the contract was broken after Mikhael's abdication. Faced with external crises, as well as internal crises triggered by high inflation, he was forced to abdicate in 1078 by Nikephoros Botaneiates who succeeded as emperor. He became a monk at Studion monastery. Metropolitan of Ephesus. m (after 1071, repudiated) as her first husband, MARTHA of Georgia, daughter of BAGRAT IV King of Georgia & his second wife Borena of Ossetia (-after 1090). The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records that Empress Theodora requested King Bagrat to send "sa fille Martha" to be brought up as her daughter, but that by the time she arrived in Constantinople the empress had died (in 1056), and her subsequent marriage to "l'empereur de Grèce" [464]. She was known as MARIA in Byzantium. Nikephoros Bryennios records that Emperor Mikhael married Maria, daughter of Bagrat King of Georgia. Zonaras names "Maria Alana" as the wife of Emperor Mikhael [465]. She was repudiated by her first husband when he became a monk, and married secondly (1 Apr 1078) Nikephoros Botaneiates, Governor of Anatolia, who had been crowned Emperor Nikephoros III 1 Jan 1078. The Alexeiad records that "Botaneiates had established himself on the throne immediately after the deposition of Mikhael Doukas, and…won the hand of the Empress Maria" [466]. She became a nun as MARTHA. Emperor Mikhael V II & his wife had one child:
a) KONSTANTINOS Doukas (-12 Aug [1092/97]). Psellos names "Constantine, the son of the Emperor Michael Ducas" when recording that he saw him "when he was a tiny baby" [467]. He was appointed co-emperor by his father in 1074, but abdicated with the latter in 1078. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos declared him his heir and appointed him co-emperor in 1081, but transferred the succession to his own son in 1092. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "12 Aug, Constantine son-in-law of Emperor" [468]. Although the marriage of Konstantinos Doukas to the emperor's daughter did not take place, it is possible that the entry refers to him as there is no record of the emperor having a son-in-law of this name. Betrothed firstly (Aug 1074, contract broken 1078) to [OLYMPIAS style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">]of Apulia, daughter of ROBERT "Guiscard/Weasel" Duke of Apulia & his second wife Sichelgaita di Salerno (-after 1090). The Annals of Romoald record the betrothal of an unnamed daughter of Robert "Guiscard" and "imperatorem Constantinopolem" in 1076 [469]. The Alexeiad records that Emperor Mikhael Doukas "promised his own son Konstantinos in marriage to the daughter of this barbarian Robert", in a later passage stating that "the lady's name was Helena" [470]. Skylitzes records the betrothal of "Robertus…filiam…Helenam" and "suo filio Constantino" (referring the son of Emperor Mikhael VII), dated to [1073/75] [471]. Amatus also records this betrothal [472]. She is named Olympias by Houts, who does not cite the source on which this is based [473]. She lived in Constantinople after her betrothal and was baptised into the Greek Orthodox church as HELENA. Orderic Vitalis says that two of the daughters of Robert "Guiscard" were living in Constantinople, and that they remained there after the accession of Emperor of Alexios I (in 1081), performing light service at court before being sent back to Sicily [474]. After the betrothal was broken, she was placed in a convent. She eventually returned to Italy after the death of her parents, and settled at her uncle's court at Palermo. Betrothed secondly (1084, contract broken Dec 1090) to ANNA Komnene Doukaina, daughter of Emperor ALEXIOS I & his second wife Eirene Doukaina (2 Dec 1083-[1149/54]). Zonaras records that "Anna" was betrothed to "Constantino filio reginæ Mariæ Alanæ" who died before the marriage, and afterwards married "filio natu maiori Nicephori Bryennii" [475].
2. ANNA Doukaina (before 1057-after 1075). Mikhael Glykas names "Annam, Theodoram et Zoen" as the daughters of Emperor Konstantinos & his wife [476]. Psellos names "Arete" as the older daughter of Konstantinos born before his accession, commenting that "she dedicated her life to the service of God" and "she is still with us" [477]. She became a nun as ARETE.
3. THEODORA Doukaina (before 1059-after 1075). Mikhael Glykas names "Annam, Theodoram et Zoen" as the daughters of Emperor Konstantinos & his wife [478]. Psellos records that the younger daughter of Konstantinos born before his accession "had already been betrothed" [479]. The primary source which confirms the name of her betrothed has not yet been identified. It is not certain that this daughter was the same person as Theodora who later married the Doge of Venice. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Betrothed (1059 or before) ---. m (after 1071) DOMENICO Silvio Doge of Venice, son of --- (-after 1084).
4. son (-[late 1059/early 1060]). Psellos records that "the second boy lived only a short time after his father became emperor and then died" [480].
5. ANDRONIKOS Doukas ([1057]-after 1081). Mikhael Glykas names "Michaelum, Andronicum et Constantinum purpurigenam" as the sons of Emperor Konstantinos & his wife [481]. Nikephoros Bryennios names "eius coniuge Eudocia, cum Michaele, Andronico et Constantino filiis" as survivors of "Ducas" [482]. Psellos records that "Michael and the younger son Andronicus" were born before their father's accession [483]. Psellos writes that "Andronicus, brother of the Emperor Michael Ducas…is just past his boyhood" [484]. He was crowned co-emperor by his brother Emperor Mikhael VII after the latter assumed sole rule in Oct 1071. m (1068) --- of Hungary, daughter of BÉLA I King of Hungary & his wife [Ryksa] of Poland. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not so far been identified. She adopted the name MARIA in Byzantium.
6. KONSTANTIOS Doukas (1060-killed in battle Durazzo 18 Oct 1081). Mikhael Glykas names "Michaelum, Andronicum et Constantinum purpurigenam" as the sons of Emperor Konstantinos & his wife [485]. Nikephoros Bryennios names "eius coniuge Eudocia, cum Michaele, Andronico et Constantino filiis" as survivors of "Ducas" [486]. Psellos records that "the sun had not yet completed its yearly cycle after Constantine's promotion when another child was born" [487]. Psellos names "Constantine…a child" as one of the two sons with his mother after their father died, commenting that his older brother Mikhael "used to sit on the imperial throne beside his brother Constantine" [488]. Co-emperor 1067-1078. He was confined to a monastery after his brother's abdication by the latter's successor Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates [489]. The Alexeiad records the death of "Constantius the son of the former emperor Konstantinos Doukas…born…in the Porphyra" while fighting Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia in Durazzo in 1081 [490].
7. ZOE Doukaina (1062-28 Aug before 1136). Mikhael Glykas names "Annam, Theodoram et Zoen" as the daughters of Emperor Konstantinos & his wife [491]. The Alexeiad names "the Porphyrogenita Zoe" as daughter of Empress Eudoxia, suggesting that her mother planned to marry her to Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates after the latter's accession in 1078 [492]. She was named "Anna" in a poem concering the ancestors of Giorgios Palaiologos. Magdalino and Cheynet both assume that this was her monastic name, but it may be a mistake resulting from confusion with her sister of the same name [493]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "28 Aug, Porphyrogenita Zoe" [494]. Betrothed to NIKEPHOROS Synadenos, son of THEODULOS Synadenos & his wife --- Botaneiatissa (-killed in battle Durazzo 18 Oct 1081). m (after Oct 1081) ADRIANOS Komnenos, son of IOANNES Komnenos, domestikos & his wife Anna Dalassena ([1060/65]-19 Apr 1105). He was created protosébastos by his brother Emperor Alexios I in 1081. Leader against the Normans in 1083. Megas domestikos [1087/97]. Panhypersébastos. He became a monk as IOANNES.
1. THEODOTOS Diogenes . A seal dated to [1000] names "Theodotos Diogenes, imperial protospatharios and strategos of Cyprus" [495].
2. ADRALESTOS Diogenes . Two seals dated to [1025] and [1035] respectively name "Adralestos Diogenes, imperial protospatharios and strategos of Morava" and "Adralestos Diogenes patrikios and strategos" [496].
3. BAASAKIOS Diogenes . A seal dated to [1040] names "Baasakios Diogenes, anthypatos patrikios and katepano of Thessalonike" [497].
4. PANKRATIOS Diogenes . Two seals dated to [1050] name "Pankratios Diogenes strategos" and "Pankratios Diogenes, protospatharios and strategos of Cappadocia" [498].
1. KONSTANTINOS Diogenes (-[1028/34]). He originated from Cappadocia. Cedrenus records that "Constantinum Diogenem" succeeded "Theophylacto Botaneita" in "prætura Thessalonicensi", dated to early 1015 from the context, and that Emperor Basileios II sent him "in regionem Moglenorum" to defeat Gavriil Radomir Tsar of the Bulgarians [499]. Zonaras records that "Constantinus Diogenes Sirmii præfectus qui et Bulgariæ dux appellatus est" brought Bulgaria under Byzantine control, dated from the context to around the time of the death of Emperor Basileios II (1025) [500]. Cedrenus records that "Thessalonicensium duce Constantino Diogene" defeated "Joannis et eius patruelem" (Ivan Vladislav Tsar of the Bulgarians) 9 Jan "indictione 15" [501]. Zonaras records that "Constantinum Diogenes", who had escaped "in Illyricum", was recaptured, dated to [1032] from the context [502]. Cedrenus records that "Constantinus Diogenes…Sirmii præfectus…ac Thessalonicæ dux" was sent to Thrace where he threw himself from a tower [503]. Psellos records that he "had been arrested on a charge of attempted revolution during the reign of Romanus Argyrus and had committed suicide by hurling himself over a precipice" [504]. m --- Argyre, daughter of --- Argyros & his wife ---. Zonaras refers to "vestacharum dignitate…a Duca Sardicæ dux", indicating the future Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, whose father married "Romani Argyri neptem ex fratre" [505]. It should be noted that this passage does not state clearly that this wife of Konstantinos was the mother of Emperor Romanos. It is possible that he was born from another marriage, his mother being less well-connected as she is not referred to directly in the text. Cedrenus records that the wife of "Constantinus Diogenes" was "fratre imperatoris nata" [506]. Konstantinos & [his wife] had one child:
a) ROMANOS Diogenes (-Prote Monastery Summer 1072). Mikhael Glykas names "imperator Romanus Vestarches, Constantini Diogenis filius" [507]. Skylitzes records that "Romanus Constantinus Diogenis filius…patricius" was created "dux Sardices…bestarches" by Emperor Konstantinos Doukas [508]. Having rebelled against Empress Evdokia after the death of Emperor Konstantinos X Doukas in 1067, Psellos implies that the empress was subsequently obliged to marry him to preserve her position [509]. He succeeded in 1 Jan 1068 as Emperor ROMANOS IV after marrying Empress Evdokia. After the conquest of Armenia, the Seljuk Turks intensified their raids into Byzantine territory, as far as Neocæsaria and Amorium in 1068, Iconium in 1069 and Chonæ in 1070 [510]. Emperor Romanos was defeated by the Seljuks 20 Nov 1068, and again at Manzikert 19 Aug 1071 where he was captured. In the same year, Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, fell to the Normans. Although Emperor Romanos was freed by the Seljuks after promising monetary tribute, he had been overthrown during his imprisonment by his stepson Emperor Mikhael VII Doukas. When he regained Constantinople, he was defeated and fled to Cilicia to regroup his forces, but was defeated once more. He was forced to become a monk, but was afterwards betrayed and blinded, dying soon afterwards from his injuries at the monastery on the island of Prote. m firstly ([1045/50]) [ ANNA style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">]Alusiane, daughter of ALUSIAN [of Bulgaria] & his wife --- ([1030]-before 1065). Her parentage and marriage are deduced from Skylitzes who names "bestarches Samuel Aluisianus Bulgarus, imperatoris uxoris frater" [511], although it is curious to note that she is still referred to as "imperatoris uxoris" in a passage which refers to events after her husband´s accession and second marriage and therefore after her death. The date for this marriage is estimated from the couple's son Konstantinos Diogenes leaving two known children when he was killed in battle in 1074. m secondly (1 Jan 1068) as her second husband, EVDOKIA Makrembolitissa, widow of Emperor KONSTANTINOS X, daughter of IOANNES Makrembolites & his wife --- (-1096). Psellos records the second marriage of "Eudocia" and "Romanus, the son of Diogenes" [512]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. On the overthrow of Emperor Romanos IV, she ruled jointly with her son, but was soon overthrown and confined to a convent. Emperor Romanos IV & his first wife had one child:
i) KONSTANTINOS Diogenes (-killed in battle Antioch [1074]). His parentage is confirmed by Nikephoros Bryennios who names him "Constantino Diogenis iam imperatoris filio" when recording his marriage [513]. Nikephoros Bryennios records that "sororis eius Constantinus imperatoris Diogenis filius" was killed in battle in Antioch [514]. m ([1068/71]) THEODORA Komnene, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos, domestikos & his wife Anna Dalassena ([1053]-after [1094/95]). Nikephoros Bryennios records the marriage, after her father's death "matris voluntate", of "Ioannes…Comnenus curopalates…postrema Theodora [filia]" and "Constantino Diogenis iam imperatoris filio" [515]. The Alexeiad names "Theodora, the emperor's sister…widow of Diogenes's murdered son", when recording her reaction to an imposter pretending to be her husband who had been killed in Antioch [516]. The text names the son "Leon" but it is clear from the context that it must refer to Konstantinos, who was killed when his half-brother Leon was still an infant. She became a nun as XENA. Konstantine Diogenes & his wife had [one] child:
(a) [ANNA Diogene. Her possible parentage and marriage are shown in Europäische Stammtafeln [517], but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. m UROŠ Grand Župan of Serbia, nephew of VUKAN Župan of Raška, son of --- ([1080]-after 1130).]
ii) [son . Amatus refers to the emperor (unnamed) giving "his son in marriage to the daughter of the King of the Turks" in order to obtain his release and that of Roussel [518]. Although not specified in the text, it is assumed that this relates to the release of Emperor Romanos IV following the battle of Manzikert in Aug 1071, in which case the son in question was unlikely to have been Konstantinos who was then already married. It is not known which of the emperor's sons this passage might refer to, but it presumably must have been a son by his first marriage as his sons by his second marriage were still infants at the time. The accuracy of this report is doubtful, especially in light of the report of Alp-Arslan requesting the emperor's daughter in marriage for his son, in a late Persian source (see below), which suggests that the whole episode may have been garbled or romanticised by one or both of the sources. If Amatus is accurate, it does not necessarily follow that the marriage took place as the bridegroom would have had to convert to Islam. [ m ([1071/72]) --- Seljuk, daughter of ALP ARSLAN Seljuk Sultan.]
iii) [daughter . The Khelassat-oul-akhbar records that "Alp-Arslan" defeated and captured "le roi de Roum Ormanus", presumably referring to the battle of Manzikert, requesting "sa fille en mariage pour son fils Malek-Arslan" [519]. The accuracy of this report is doubtful, especially in light of the report of Alp-Arslan requesting the emperor's son in marriage for his daughter, in Amatus (see above), which suggests that the whole episode may have been garbled or romanticised by one or both of the sources. If the late Persian source is accurate, the difference in religion would not necessarily have prevented the marriage from taking place as other primary sources show that the sultans of the various dynasties often married Christian wives (see the document WEST ASIA and NORTH AFRICA (2)). m (after 19 Aug 1071) MALIK Shah, son of Seljuk Sultan ALP ARSLAN. He succeeded his father as Seljuk Sultan in 1072.]
Emperor Romanos IV & his second wife had two children:
iv) LEON Diogenes ([1068/70]-killed in battle [1087/89]). The Alexeiad names "the sons of the former emperor Romanos Diogenes, Leon and Nikephoros" when recording that they supported Giorgios Palaiologos against Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia in Durazzo in 1081, clarifying in a later passage that they were the sons of Empress Eudoxia [520]. Emperor Mikhael VII banished him and his brother Nikephoros to the monastery of Kyperudes with their mother. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos rehabilitated the brothers, and installed Leon as ruler in Sparta [521]. The Alexeiad records that "Leo, Diogenes's son" was mortally wounded fighting the Scythians [522].
v) NIKEPHOROS Diogenes ([1069/72]-after 1094). The Alexeiad names "the sons of the former emperor Romanos Diogenes, Leon and Nikephoros" when recording that they supported Giorgios Palaiologos against Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia in Durazzo in 1081, clarifying in a later passage that they were the sons of Empress Eudoxia [523]. Emperor Alexios I installed Nikephoros as governor of the island of Cyprus [524]. He rebelled against Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in 1094 and was blinded and banished [525].
1. --- Diogene, relative of ROMANOS Diogenes. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([1068]) MANUEL Komnenos, kuropalates, son of IOANNES Komnenos, domestikos & his wife Anna Dalassena (-killed in battle Bithynia [1070/early 1071]).
1. LEON Diogenes (-murdered 15 Aug 1116). His parentage is unknown. He fled to Russia where he was accepted as a son of Emperor Romanos IV, although an imposter [526]. m MARIA Vladimirovna, daughter of VLADIMIR I Vsevolodich Monomakh Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife [Gytha of England] (-1146). Baumgarten cites Russian primary sources which confirm this couple's marriage [527].
1. THEOPHYLAKTOS Botaneiates (-[1015]). Cedrenus records that "Theophylacto Botaneita" was appointed as doux of Thessaloniki after "Davidum Arianitum" by Emperor Basileios II, dated to [1015] from the context [528].
Two children whose parents are not known:
1. NIKEPHOROS Botaneiates ([1020]-after 1081). His possible origin is suggested by Skylitzes who names "Botaniates ex nobilibus a Phoca oriundus" when recording his rise to power in [1077/78] [529]. Any relationship between the Phokas and Botaneiates families has not yet been traced. Cedrenus names "Romanus Sclerus, Burtza, Botaneiates, Basilii Argyrii filii" among the supporters of Isaakios Komnenos, in 1057 [530]. Skylitzes records that "magister Basilius Apocapes et magister Nicephorus Botaniates" campaigned against the Pechenegs in Bulgaria and were captured, dated to [1059/60] [531]. He was military commander in the Danube area in 1064 [532]. Governor of Antioch in 1067 [533]. Although he enjoyed good relations with Romanos Diogenes, on the latter's accession as Emperor Romanos IV the relationship cooled. After Emperor Mikhael VII succeeded in 1071, Nikephoros Botaneiates returned to favour and was appointed kuropalates and strategos of the theme of Anatolikon [534]. He rebelled against Emperor Mikhael VII, was acclaimed emperor 7 Jan 1078, gained the support of Suleiman Seljuk Sultan, and marched on Constantinople where a revolt broke out in his support against the unpopular government of the emperor. He entered Constantinople 24 Mar 1078, and was crowned Emperor NIKEPHOROS III the same day by the Patriarch. He married the wife of his predecessor, who had retired to a monastery, to gain legitimacy. He was faced by the rebellion of Nikephoros Bryennios, governor of Durazzo, and of Basilacius in Thessaly. The Turkish garrison of Nikaia also rose in revolt. He was excommunicated by Pope Gregory, and Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia landed at Avlona and marched towards Durazzo. This was followed by the revolt of Nikephoros Melissenos, whose alliance with Sultan Suleiman enabled the latter to capture Bythinia and establish himself as Sultan at Nikaia [535]. Finally, Alexios Komnenos rebelled and forced Nikephoros's abdication 4 Apr 1081. According to the Alexeiad, he had planned to name Nikephoros Synadenos, his nephew, as his successor [536]. He retired to become a monk. m firstly ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly BEBDENE, daughter of ---. Skylitzes Continuatus names Bebdene as the first wife of Emperor Romanos III [537]. Augusta. m thirdly (bigamously 1 Apr 1078) as her second husband, MARIA of Georgia, repudiated wife of Emperor MIKHAEL VII, daughter of BAGRAT IV King of the Abkhazis and Kartvelians [Georgia] & his [first/second] wife [Helena Argyre/Borena of Osetia] (-after 1090). Nikephoros Bryennios records that Emperor Mikhael married Maria, daughter of Bagrat King of Georgia. She was repudiated by her first husband when he became a monk. The Alexeiad records that "Botaneiates had established himself on the throne immediately after the deposition of Mikhael Doukas, and…won the hand of the Empress Maria" [538]. She became a nun as MARTHA. Emperor Nikephoros III & his first wife may have had children, although this seems questionable if it is correct that the emperor planned to nominate his nephew as his successor:
a) [---. m ---.]
i) --- [Botaneiates] . The Alexeiad records that "Anna Dalassena, the mother of the Komneni" arranged the marriage of "the grandson of Botaneiates and the daughter of Manuel her eldest son" [539]. Betrothed (1081) to --- Komnene, daughter of MANUEL Komnenos, kuropalates, & his wife --- Diogene (1069-).
2. --- Botaneiatissa. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Skylitzes who records that Nikephoros Botaneiates married "sororis suæ filiam Synadenen, Theodulo Synadeno genitam" to "crali Ungariæ" [540]. m THEODULOS Synadenos, son of ---.
1. LEON Botaneiates . A seal dated to [1050] names "Leon Botaneiates, protospatharios and strategos of Dyrrachion" [541].
2. EUSTRATIOS Botaneiates . Two seals dated to [1067] name "Eustratios Botaneiates, patrikios anthypatos and strategos of Zebele" [542].
Two brothers, parents not known.
3. NIKEPHOROS Botaneiates. m EVDOKIA Komnene, daughter of ISAAKIOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Irena of Georgia. 1108. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Nikephoros Botaneiates & his wife had one child:
a) ISAAKIOS Botaneiates. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
4. GEORGIOS Botaneiates. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m ZOE Doukaina, daughter of [IOANNES] Doukas & his wife Anna Komnene. 1120. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.
5. MANUEL Botaneiates . A seal dated to [1125] names "Manuel Botaneiates sebastos" [543].
[ MANUEL] Angelos. He was "of modest origins" [544]. From Philadelphia. Patrikios 1078/81 [545].
m ---. The name of [Manuel]'s wife is not known.
[Manuel] Angelos & his wife had four children:
1. KONSTANTINOS Angelos (-after Jul 1166). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Pansébastohypertatos [1120]. Sébastohypertatos [1147]. He was commander of the imperial fleet in Sicily in 1145. Military commander 1149/66 [546]. Ioannes Kinnamos names "Constantinum cognomento Angelum, avunculum suum" as Emperor Manuel I's military commander [547]. m (before 1120) THEODORA Komnene, daughter of Emperor ALEXIOS I & his second wife Eirene Doukaina (15 Jan 1096-). Niketas Choniates names "Theodoram Alexii avi Manuelis filiam" as wife of "Constantinum Angelum" [548]. Konstantinos Angelos & his wife had eight children:
a) IOANNES Doukas Angelos (-[1200]). Niketas Choniates names "Angeli Constantini duo filii, Iohannes et Andronicus" [549]. His birth date is estimated from the estimated marriage date of his parents, which means that he must have already been an old man when appointed sébastokrator in 1186. Pretender to the imperial throne 1199. Governor of Epirus and Thessaly [550].
b) ALEXIOS Komnenos Angelos (-9 Sep ----). 1166/99. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "9 Sep, Alexius son of Porphyrogenita Theodora" [551]. m ---. The name of Alexios's wife is not known. Alexios Angelos & his wife had one child:
i) MIKHAEL Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Hostage to Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" King of Germany in 1189 [552].
c) ANDRONIKOS Doukas Angelos (-after 1185). Niketas Choniates names "Angeli Constantini duo filii, Iohannes et Andronicus" [553].
d) MARIA Angelina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([1160]) KONSTANTINOS Kamytzes, son of --- (-after [1201/02]).
e) EVDOKIA Angelina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m [ BASILEIOS] Tsykandeles. Sébastos 1166.
f) ZOE Angelina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ANDRONIKOS Synadenos, son of --- (-1180). Dux of Cyprus 1165. Military governor/strategos of Durazzo and Naissos 1172. Strategos of Trebizond. He became a monk as ATHANASIOS.
g) ISAAKIOS Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 1170. Military governor/strategos of Cilicia. m ---. The name of Isaakios's wife is not known. Isaakios Angelos & his wife had one possible child:
i) [KONSTANTINOS Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Dux of Crete 1185/92. Strategos of Philippopolis 1192. Emperor Isaakios II Angelos appointed him to head an army to invade Bulgaria in [1193], but Konstantinos revolted, hoping to acquire the imperial throne [554]. He was blinded by Emperor Isaakios [555].]
2. NIKOLAOS Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Ioannes Kinnamos names "Nicolaus cognomento Angelus" as one of the military commanders of Emperor Manuel I during campaigns against the Turks in Asia Minor [556]. 1148.
3. IOANNES Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Ioannes Kinnamos names "Ioannes Angelus" as one of the military commanders of Emperor Manuel I, in command of French and Alan reinforcements, of Italian allies and mercenaries at Brindisi (with "Bassavilla"), and sent to relieve Zeugminon [557].
4. MIKHAEL Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Sébastos 1147. Protonobilissimos hyperstatos 1166 [558].
1. daughter. Her parentage is not known. Europäische Stammtafeln [559] places her as a possible daughter of Isaakios Angelos, youngest son of Konstantinos Angelos (see above), but the basis for this is not known. m ([1189]) --- Batatzes, son of ---.
It is not known how the following persons were related to the main Angelos family or to each other, if at all.
1. MIKHAEL Angelos. m ---. The name of Mikhael's wife is not known. Mikhael Angelos & his wife had one child:
a) IOANNES Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Pansébastos and sébastos. 1157/66. m --- Komnene Aneme, daughter of MANUEL Anemas Panhyperprotosebastypértatos & his wife Theodora Komnene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.
2. IOANNES Komnenos Angelos (-1259). His parentage is not known. Dux of Thrakesion 1235-[1236/37]. Megas primikerios 1255. Protostrator of the west 1255/59. He became a monk as KALLINIKOS. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes Angelos & his wife had two children:
a) [GEORGIOS] Komnenos Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Megas primikerios 1259. 1262. m ---. The name of Georgios's wife is not known. [Georgios] Angelos & his wife had one possible child:
b) EVDOKIA Angelina ([1222]-[1253]). Georgius Akropolites names "Eudocia Angeli Ioannis filia" as widow of "sebastocratoris filius Ioannes" recording that she died around the time of her daughter's marriage, dated to the early 1250s from the context of the passage [560]. m IOANNES Doukas Batatzes, son of ISAAKIOS Doukas Batatzes, sébastokrator, pansébastos sébastos & his wife --- (-[1240]).
lang=ES>3. lang=ES THEODOROS Komnenos Angeloslang=ES>. Senator 1286. Megas domestikos 1287/1302.
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lang=ES>ANDRONIKOS Doukas Angeloslang=ES>, son of KONSTANTINOS Angelos & his wife Theodora Komnene (-after 1185). lang=ES>Niketas Choniates names "Angeli Constantini duo filii, Iohannes et Andronicus" [561] lang=ES>.lang=ES> A military leader in Asia Minor 1176/83.
m (before [1155]) EUPHROSYNE Kastamonitissa, niece of THEODOROS Kastamonites, megas logothetis, daughter of --- (-killed in battle against Dyrrhacchion [1185/95]). Niketas Choniates names "matrem Isaacii Angeli Euphrosynam" [562]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.
Andronikos Angelos & his wife had [nine] children:
1. KONSTANTINOS Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. It is assumed that Konstantinos was his parents' oldest son, named after his paternal grandfather in line with Byzantine naming practices. Blinded 1183. Sébastokrator 1185.
2. IOANNES Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Sébastokrator [563]. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes Angelos & his wife had two children:
a) ANDRONIKOS Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Hostage to Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" King of Germany in 1189 [564].
3. ALEXIOS Komnenos Angelos (before [1155]-monastery of Hyakinthos, Nikaia after 1211, bur monastery of Hyakinthos [565]). Niketas Choniates names "Isaacius et Alexius" as sons of "Andronicus Angelus" [566]. He deposed his younger brother 8 Apr 1195 at Kypsela while on campaign against Bulgaria, succeeding as Emperor ALEXIOS III. He immediately called off the campaign and returned to Constantinople, but Bulgarian raids continued, marked by their capture of Serres, and Alexios was forced to send troops under his son-in-law Isaakios Komnenos who was defeated on the Struma River [567]. Emperor Alexios continued the abuses of his predecessor, attempting to buy support with large land gifts, overtaxing the poor, and selling offices, all resulting in a terminal weakening of the empire. Alexios III was obliged to agree an enormous annual tribute to Heinrich VI Emperor of Germany, who threatened an invasion to avenge the overthrow of Emperor Isaakios II, but was unable to raise sufficient funds through his special "German" tax. Emperor Heinrich was planning an attack but died before the preparations were complete [568]. Pope Innocent III began pressing for a full-scale crusade to the east after his election in 1198, but this Fourth Crusade was used as a pretext by the western allies to conquer Byzantium. Arriving at Constantinople 24 Jun 1203, the city fell to the army of the crusaders 17 Jul 1203. What may be an eye-witness account of the sack of Constantinople is included in the Novgorod Chronicle [569]. Emperor Alexios fled the city with most of the state treasury and the Byzantine crown jewels, and his brother Isaakios II was restored as emperor. Isaakios made his way to eastern Thessaly where his wife's family had large estates. He allied himself with Leon Sguros, who had captured Thebes and large parts of Attika and Beotia, and to whom he gave his daughter Evdokia [570]. He was captured by Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato, newly installed as king of Thessaloniki, during his campaign in Thessaly and held for ransom which was paid by Mikhael Komnenos Doukas Despot of Epirus [571]. He escaped and made his way to the court of the Seljuk Sultan of Iconium [572]. Together they attacked the new empire of Nikaia, ruled by Alexios's son-in-law, by whom he was captured in Spring 1211 and imprisoned in the monastery of Hyakinthos where he later died [573]. m ([1170/80]) EUPHROSYNE Doukaina Kamaterina, daughter of ANDRONIKOS Doukas Kamateros & his wife --- Kantakouzene (-Arta 1211). Niketas Choniates names "Euphrosyna" as wife of Emperor Alexios [574]. Her parentage is confirmed by Niketas Choniates naming "fratri eius Camatero Basilio", referring to Euphrosyne, in a later passage [575]. She escaped to Arta in Epirus and found refuge at the court of Mikhael Angelos [576]. Ephræmius records the death of "Euphrosyne regina" and her burial at Arta [577]. Emperor Alexios III & his wife had three children:
a) EIRENE Komnene Angelina (-after 1203). Niketas Choniates names "Contostephanus Andronicus et Isaacius Comenus" as "duo generi" of Emperor Alexios [578]. Ephræmius records that "filiarum…Irene natu maior" married "Andronico…de Contostephanis" [579]. Niketas Choniates records the second marriage of "imperator…filias…Irenem" and "Alexio Paleologo" [580]. Georgius Akropolites records that "Palaeologo, qui despotæ dignitate…" married "imperatoris Alexii…filiarum illius…prima Irene" [581]. She went into exile in 1203. m firstly as his second wife, ANDRONIKOS Kontostephanos, son of STEPHANOS Kontostephanos, panhypersébastos, megas dux & his wife Anna Komnene (-[1196]). Mega drongarios. m secondly (1199) as his second wife, ALEXIOS Komnenos Palaiologos, son of --- Doukas Palaiologos & his wife Eirene Komnene Kantakouzene (-[1201/04]). He was awarded the title despot in 1199.
b) ANNA Komnene Angelina ([1175/80] [582]-1212, bur monastery of Hyakinthos [583]). Niketas Choniates names "Contostephanus Andronicus et Isaacius Comenus" as "duo generi" of Emperor Alexios [584]. Ephræmius records that "filiarum…iunior…Anna" married "Comnenorum…Isaacio, qui apud Moesos obiit in vinculis" [585]. Niketas Choniates records the second marriage of "imperator…filias…Annam" and "Theodoro Lascaro, adolescenti" [586]. Georgius Akropolites records that "Theodoro Lascari" married "imperatoris Alexii…filiarum illius…secunda Anna" [587]. m firstly (before 1190) ISAAKIOS Komnenos, son of --- (-in prison Trnovo, soon after 1196). Sébastokrator 1195. General. He led his father-in-law's campaign in Bulgaria in 1196 but was defeated on the Struma River, captured and sent to Trnovo where he soon died in prison [588]. m secondly (early 1199) as his first wife, THEODOROS Laskaris, son of --- Laskaris & his wife --- ([1175]-Nov 1221, bur monastery of Hyakinthos). After escaping Constantinople following its fall to the crusading army in Apr 1204, he established himself in Nikaia where he was crowned THEODOROS I Emperor in Nikaia in 1208.
c) EVDOKIA Komnene Angelina (-after 1208). Niketas Choniates names "Eudociam" as third daughter of Emperor Alexios when recording her marriage to "Neemania filii style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">" [589]. Her first marriage was arranged to seal the Byzantine/Serbian peace treaty of 1190 [590]. After her first husband accused her of adultery, she was expelled from Serbia, on foot with only the clothes on her back, and sought refuge in Zeta with her brother-in-law Vukan who provided her with the means to return to Constantinople [591]. Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Euphrosyna imperatoris…filia Eudocia" and "imperatoris Alexeii style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">" [592]. Georgius Akropolites records that "Ducas Alexius" (referring to Alexios Doukas Murzuphlos) married "imperatoris Alexii filiam Eudociam, filiarum illius postremam", commenting that "impuberem" she had married "crali Serviæ" [593]. Villehardouin records the marriage of "Emperor Murzuphlus" and "the daughter of Emperor Alexius" but does not name her [594]. Ephræmius records that "Eudociam filiam" married "Sguro", recalling that her previous husbands had been "principi…Triballorum Stephano, qui repudiatam remisit in patriam…[et] Murtzuflo Ducæ" [595]. Georgius Akropolites records that "Alexius imperator…Eudocia filia" married "Corinthum…Sguro illius regionis dynastæ" [596]. m firstly (1191, repudiated [1201/02]) STEFAN of Serbia, son of STEFAN NEMANJA Grand Župan of Serbia & his wife Ana --- (-24 Sep 1227). He was granted the title sébastokrator by his wife's uncle Emperor Isaakios II. He succeeded in 1196 on the abdication of his father as STEFAN Grand Župan of Serbia. He was crowned STEFAN "Prvovenčani/the First-Crowned" King [Kralj] of Serbia in [1217]. m secondly (1204 after 12 Apr) ALEXIOS Doukas Murzuphlos, son of --- (-murdered Nov 1204). He was installed [Jan/Apr] 1204 as Emperor ALEXIOS Vstyle="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">. m thirdly (1204) LEON Sguros Archon of Navplion, son of --- (-1208). After the establishment of the Latin Empire of Constantinople in 1204, he captured Thebes and large parts of Attika and Beotia. He formed an alliance with ex-Emperor Alexios III, sealed by his marriage to the latter's daughter. He was expelled by the advancing armies of Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato King of Thessaloniki, who was expanding the territory of his newly founded kingdom south into Thessaly [597]. He took an active part in the defence of Corinth, whose siege was to last five years, but committed suicide by leaping on horseback from Acrocorinth when he lost hope of defending the city [598].
4. [MIKHAEL] Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Blinded 1184.
5. THEODOROS Angelos. Niketas Choniates records that "Angelum Theodorum adolescentem pene adhuc imberbem" was blinded [in 1184] [599].
6. ISAAKIOS Angelos ([1155]-Constantinople in prison [28 Jan/12 Apr] 1204). Niketas Choniates names "Isaacius et Alexius" as sons of "Andronicus Angelus" [600]. As leader of the aristocrats against whom Emperor Andronikos I had struggled, he succeeded in 1185 on the latter's downfall as Emperor ISAAKIOS II. He immediately attacked the Normans, his general Alexios Branas defeating them at Mosynopolis and Dimitritsa 7 Nov 1185, which resulted in their expulsion from Thessaloniki, Durazzo and Corfu [601]. Isaakios also made peace with Béla III King of Hungary, sealed by the emperor's second marriage with the king's daughter. In 1186, he was faced with the rebellion of Alexios Branas, who had been sent to quell the Bulgarian rebellion of the brothers Ivan Asen and Teodor but, having penetrated rebel territory, used the army for his own interests and led it to Adrianople where he was proclaimed emperor. Branas marched on Constantinople, but was put to flight and killed by loyal forces [602]. Emperor Isaakios led his army personally against Bulgarian rebels, successfully driving them across the Danube. This was followed by further campaigns in Sep 1187 and 1188, but the emperor was forced to recognise Bulgarian independence under a peace treaty signed in 1188 [603]. Tensions developed with Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa", leader of the Third Crusade, who had received a warm welcome in Serbia and had crossed into Byzantine territory at Braničevo. Anxious to protect his interests, Isaakios signed a treaty of alliance with Saladin, which worsened the situation. After taking Philippopolis [Plovdiv] and Adrianople, as well as threatening Constantinople, Emperor Friedrich forced Emperor Isaakios to give him provisions and ships to cross into Asia Minor [604]. In Sep 1190, Byzantine troops defeated the Serbs at the Morava River, but although the Byzantines regained Niš, Beograd and northern Macedonia including Skopje, under the ensuing peace treaty, they were obliged to recognise Serb independence and Nemanja's right to rule Zeta, southern Dalmatia, Trebinje and Hum [605]. In retaliation for Bulgarian raids on Philippopolis, Sardika [Sofija] and Adrianople, Emperor Isaakios attacked Bulgaria but was heavily defeated in [1194] near Arcadiopolis [606]. The reign of Emperor Isaakios saw a major weakening of Byzantium and was marked by a rapid revival of corruption and administrative abuses, especially increased taxes to establish his luxurious court [607]. He was deposed 8 Apr 1195 by his older brother Alexios while preparing a further campaign against Bulgaria, and blinded. He was restored as emperor 17 Jul 1203 when the crusading army captured Constantinople and his brother Alexios III had fled, his son being named as co-emperor. Isaakios was deposed end-Jan 1204 in an anti-Latin revolt which broke out in Constantinople, and imprisoned once more. The necrology of Spier cathedral celebrates the anniversary "in octava Martini" (18 Nov) of "Maria regina Philippi regis coniectalis, nata de Grecia…patre eius et matre eius…Ysaac et…Herina" [608]. m firstly (before [1181]) [ EIRENE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">] style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">[Tornikaina], daughter of [--- Tornikes] & his wife --- (-[18 Nov] [1184/85]). The necrology of Spier cathedral celebrates the anniversary "in octava Martini" (18 Nov) of "Maria regina Philippi regis coniectalis, nata de Grecia…patre eius et matre eius…Ysaac et…Herina" [609]. However, there remains some doubt about whether Eirene can have been the name of Isaakios's wife as Empress Maria's original baptismal name is also recorded as Eirene, the Byzantine naming practice not normally being to name children after their parents. Her connection with the Tornikes family is suggested by a document at Patmos which names Konstantinos Tornikes as uncle ("θείου") of Emperor Alexios IV, dated to 1203 [610]. This appears clear, but presumably it cannot be excluded that Konstantinos was the husband either of Emperor Alexios IV's maternal uncle or of his paternal aunt. m secondly (1185) as her first husband, MARGIT of Hungary, daughter of BÉLA III King of Hungary & his first wife Agnès [Anna] de Châtillon-sur-Loing (1175-after 1223). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names (in order) "Haymericum et Andream…et duas reginas Constantiam de Boemia et Margaretam de Grecia" as children of "rex Bela de Hungaria" & his wife Agnes [611]. She brought Beograd, Braničevo and probably Niš as part of her dowry [612]. Niketas Choniates records the marriage of Emperor Isaakios and "Belæ Hungariæ regis filiam", commenting that she was only ten years old at the time [613]. The special wedding tax levied to finance her elaborate nuptial ceremonies may have contributed to attracting support for the rebellion in Bulgaria by the brothers Ivan Asen and Tedor [614]. She adopted the name MARIA in Byzantium. Villehardouin records that the wife of Emperor Isaakios, and stepmother of his son, was "the king of Hungary's sister", in a later passage naming her "the Empress Marie" [615]. She married secondly (May 1204) as his second wife, Bonifazio I Marchese di Monferrato, who wished thereby to advance his claim to be installed as emperor of the new Latin Empire of Constantinople [616]. The Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam records the marriage of "Bonifacius marchio" and "Margaritam imperatricem condam Ysachii, sororem Aimerici regis Ungari" [617]. Villehardouin records the marriage of "the Marquis Boniface de Montferrat" and "the lady who had been the Emperor Isaac's wife…the king of Hungary's sister" [618]. Georgius Akropolites records that "rex Thessalonicæ" married "Mariam Ungaram", widow of "imperatori Isaacio" [619]. She married thirdly (after Sep 1207) Nicolas de Saint-Omer Lord of Thebes. She was regent of Thessaloniki in 1207. Emperor Isaakios III & his first wife had [four] children:
a) EUPHROSYNE (-[1 Oct] ----). Niketas Choniates records that Emperor Alexios had "ex priore coniuge…filiabus duabus et uno filio", of whom "filiam natu maiorem monacham fect" [620]. A nun. The necrology of Spier cathedral celebrates the anniversary "tercia die post festum Michahelis" (1 Oct) of "Maria regina Philippi regis coniectalis, nata de Grecia…fratris…eius et sororis eius…Manuel…Effrosina" [621].
b) EIRENE Angelina ([1181]-Hohenstaufen 27 Aug 1208, bur Kloster Lorsch). Niketas Choniates records that Emperor Alexios had "ex priore coniuge…filiabus duabus et uno filio", of whom "[filiam] alteram" married "Siciliam regis Tangris filio" [622]. The Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Annales in 1191 record the marriage at Brindisi of "Ysacho Constantinopolitano imperatorie de Urania filia sua" and Roger son of Tancred [623]. The Annales Casenses record the marriage in 1193 of "filiam imperatoris Constantinopolitani" and "Roggerus filio suo [=Tancredi]" [624]. She was among those taken as prisoners by Emperor Heinrich VI King of Germany when he invaded Sicily in 1194. Niketas Choniates records that "Irene Isaacii imperatoris filia" was abducted from Sicily and married to "notho fratri Alemanniæ Philippo" [625]. Her second marriage is recorded by William of Tyre (Continuator), who names her father without naming her [626]. The Continuatio Admuntensis records the marriage of "Tanachredus Tanachredi filius viduam, Constantinopolitani imperatoris filiam" and "Philippus Romanorum imperatoris germanus" [627]. She adopted the name MARIA on her second marriage. The necrology of Spier cathedral records the death "VI Kal Sep" of "Maria regina Philippi regis coniectalis, nata de Grecia" [628]. m firstly (Brindisi [Jul/Aug] 1192) ROGER style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: windowtext">joint King of Sicily, son of TANCRED King of Sicily & his wife Sibila di Medania ([1180]-24 Dec 1193). Created Duke of Apulia by his father in 1193. m secondly (betrothed 2/3 Apr 1195, [Bari] 25 May 1197) PHILIPP von Hohenstaufen Duke of Swabia, son of Emperor FRIEDRICH I "Barbarossa" King of Germany & his second wife Béatrice de Bourgogne [Comté] ([1172]-murdered Bamberg 21 Jun 1208, bur Speyer Cathedral). He was elected PHILIPP King of Germany in 1198. He supported the claim to the Byzantine throne of his brother-in-law Alexios Angelos, who had sought refuge at his court in 1201 [629]. He and Alexios promised the leaders of the Fourth Crusade enormous sums in return for helping to remove Emperor Alexios III [630]. He was murdered by Otto von Wittelsbach.
c) ALEXIOS Angelos ([1182/83]-murdered Constantinople 1204 after 28 Jan). Niketas Choniates records that Emperor Alexios had "ex priore coniuge…filiabus duabus et uno filio" [631]. Imprisoned with his father when the latter was overthrown, he escaped in 1201 and fled to the court of his brother-in-law Philipp von Hohenstaufen Duke of Swabia who promised support for his claim to the Byzantine throne [632], maybe on the basis that he would be Alexios's successor [633]. Alexios joined the crusading army at Zara in Dalmatia 25 Apr 1203, promised large sums of money to the leaders and committed to submit the Orthodox church to Rome if he regained the throne [634]. He was accepted as emperor at Durazzo, and sailed on to Constantinople where they arrived 24 Jun 1203 [635]. The city fell to the crusaders 17 Jul 1203 and Emperor Alexios fled. Ex-Emperor Isaakios II was restored, with Alexios crowned as ALEXIOS IV co-Emperor at St Sophia 1 Aug 1203 [636]. Unable to make the payments promised to the crusaders as ex-Emperor Alexios III had looted the state treasury, Alexios announced new taxes and confiscated large quantities of ecclesiastical plate to be melted down [637]. An anti-Latin revolt broke out in Constantinople. The mob elected Nikolaos Kanabos as emperor [638], although he refused to accept the honour, and when Alexios Murzuphlos invaded the palace he was installed as emperor. Alexios IV was imprisoned and strangled [639] by Alexios Murzuphlos [640]. Betrothed (1194) to IEVFEMIA Glebovna of Chernigov, daughter of GLEB Sviatoslavich Prince of Bielgorod and Chernigov & his wife [Anastasia] Riurikovna of Ovrutsch.
d) [daughter. Before 1185. Nun. same person as …? ANNA . According to Fennell [641], the second wife of Roman Prince of Galicia was the daughter of Emperor Isaakios by his first wife. He says that she was "energetic and enterprising" and that she is named in the Lavrentevskiy Chronicle. Anna has not been identified in Byzantine sources so far consulted, but it is not impossible that she was the same person as this third unnamed daughter. m ([1196/1200]) as his second wife, ROMAN Mstislavich Prince of Volynia, son of MSTISLAV II Iziaslavich "Chabry" Prince of Volynia and Kiev & his wife Agniesk of Poland (after 1160- killed in battle Zawichost 19 Jun 1205). He succeeded as Prince of Galich in 1199, and as ROMAN Grand Prince of Kiev in 1199.]
Emperor Isaakios III & his second wife had two children:
e) MANUEL Angelos ([after 1192]-[1212]). The necrology of Spier cathedral celebrates the anniversary "tercia die post festum Michahelis" (1 Oct) of "Maria regina Philippi regis coniectalis, nata de Grecia…fratris…eius et sororis eius…Manuel…Effrosina" [642]. It is unlikely that Manuel could have been born before 1192 bearing in mind the birth date of his mother. He joined in the attack on Theodoros Laskaris, Emperor at Nikaia, in Spring 1211 and was captured. An inscription found at Nikaia recording the death of "πρίγκιψ Μανουήλ" in 1212 aged 35 has been linked to Manuel Angelos, despite the obvious inconsistency in the age [643].
f) IOANNES "Kaloioannes" Angelos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Hungarian under-Lord in Syrmia 1235/42. Obergespan of Kö 1235. Obergespan of Bács 1240/42.
7. EIRENE Angelina. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Ioannes cognomento…Cantacuzenus" married "Andronici sebastocratoris filiam" [644]. Niketas Choniates records that "Iohannes Cantacuzenus" married "imperatoris sororem" [645]. m (before 1170, dispensation [1185/86]) IOANNES Kantakouzenos, son of --- Kantakouzenos & his wife --- (-after 1186). He was blinded in 1183 by Emperor Andronikos. Appointed cæsar in 1185. He was a military commander in Bulgaria, but was dispossessed and his title confiscated.
8. THEODORA Angelina (-after 1195). Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Conradi…Montisferrati domini filius" and "Imperatoris Isaacius…sorore Theodora" [646]. The Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam records the marriage of "sororem suam [Ysachii] Hermem" and "Conrado marchionis filio" [647]. After she was repudiated, she became a nun at Dalmatios convent. m (early 1187, abandoned [May/Jun] 1187) as his second wife, CORRADO di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO V "il Vecchio" Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Judith of Austria [Babenberg] ([1145/47]-murdered Tyre 28 Apr 1192).
9. [daughter . It is not known which of the above daughters may have been the mother of Theodora or whether her mother was a different daughter altogether. m ---.]
a) [THEODORA ([1180/85]-Kahlenberg 22/23 Jun 1246, bur Kloster Neuburg). Theodora is shown as the possible daughter of Ioannes Angelos in Europäische Stammtafeln [648]. However, the Continuatio Admuntensis clarifies that she was "Constantinopolitani imperatoris ex filia neptem", specifying that her marriage was celebrated in Vienna [649]. The Annales Mellicenses record the marriage in 1203 of "Liupoldus dux Austriæ et Styriæ" and "Theodoram filiam regis Grecorum" [650], but this is unlikely to be correct. She became a nun at Kahlenberg. The necrology of Salzburg St Rudpert records the death "II Kal Jun" of "Theodora ducissa Austrie et Styrie" [651]. The necrology of Lilienfeld records the death "XI Kal Jul" of "Theodora ducissa ux fundatoris ni Leupoldi" [652]. The necrology of Kloster Neuburg records the death "IX Kal Jul" of "Theodora ducissa Austrie et Stirie sor na" [653]. m (1203) LEOPOLD VI Duke of Austria and Styria, son of LEOPOLD V Duke of Austria [Babenberg] & his wife Ilona of Hungary ([1176/77]-San Germano 28 Jul 1230, bur Lilienfeld).]
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1. ALEXIOS Doukas Murzuphlos, son of --- (-murdered Nov 1204). He was awarded the title protobestiarios by Emperor Alexios IV, and became leader of the nationalists in Constantinople [654]. During the course of the anti-Latin revolt which broke out in Constantinople, Alexios Murzuphlos invaded the palace and was proclaimed 5 Feb 1204 as Emperor ALEXIOS V style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">. He imprisoned ex-Emperor Alexios IV and caused him to be strangled [655]. The crusaders took control of Constantinople 13 Apr 1204, massacring a large part of the population. Emperor Alexios V fled with his wife to his father-in-law at Mosynopolis in Thrace [656], but was blinded in his bath on the orders of the latter in the presence of his wife. He succeeded in escaping, but was captured by Italian soldiers of the Latin Emperor Baudouin I who condemned him to be thrown alive from the top of the column of Theodosius in Constantinople [657]. m firstly ---. The name of Alexios's first wife is not known. Niketas Choniates records that Alexios Murzuphlos was "homo a pubertate libidinosus et salax" and had repudiated "duas iuvenculas uxores per iniuriam" [658]. m secondly ---, daughter of --- Philokales, logothetes ton sekreton & his wife ---. Niketas Choniates names "Philocalio socero suo" commenting that he was removed from the office of "logothetæ secretorum" [659]. m thirdly (1204 after Apr 12) as her second husband, EVDOKIA Komnene Angelina, repudiated wife of STEFAN Grand Župan of Serbia, daughter of Emperor ALEXIOS III & his wife Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina (-after 1208). Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Euphrosyna imperatoris…filia Eudocia" and "imperatoris Alexeiistyle="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">" [660]. Georgius Akropolites records that "Ducas Alexius" (referring to Alexios Doukas Murzuphlos) married "imperatoris Alexii filiam Eudociam, filiarum illius postremam", commenting that "impuberem" she had married "crali Serviæ" [661]. Villehardouin records the marriage of "Emperor Murzuphlus" and "the daughter of Emperor Alexius" but does not name her [662]. She married thirdly (Larissa [end 1204/05]) Leon Sguros Archon of Navplion.
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1. --- Bryennios . Kuropalates. m ANNA, daughter of --- (-after [1077/78]). Nikephoros Bryennios records that "suam sororem Helenam" (referring to "Tarchaneiotes") was betrothed to "fratris Nicephori filio" at the instigation of "matrem Bryenniorum curopalatissam Annam", dated to at or just before the time of her son's rebellion from the context [663]. --- Bryennios & his wife had two children:
a) NIKEPHOROS Bryennios (-after 1078). Cedrenus names "ducem patricium Nicephorum Bryennium…ethnarcham" on campaign against the Pechinegs, dated to [1050] [664]. Cedrenus records that Emperor Mikhael VI Stratiotikos recalled "Bryennium" from exile and appointed him strategos of "Cappadocibus" and sent him to fight the Turks "cum imperio Macedonicis legionibus", in [1056/57] [665]. Skylitzes names "magistrum Nicephorum Bryennium" during his account of the Asia Minor campaign of Emperor Romanos Diogenes, dated to [1071/72] [666]. The Alexeiad records that Nikephoros Bryennios was appointed "duke of Dyrrachium" by Emperor Mikhael Doukas and planned a revolt against the emperor [667]. He repressed the Slav revolt of 1072. He declared himself Emperor NIKEPHOROS at Adrianople in Nov 1077, marched on Constantinople and was acclaimed emperor 7 Jan 1078. The Alexeiad records his defeat by Alexios Komnenos, then domestikos of the Scholai, near Kalaura [668]. m ---. The name of Nikephoros's wife is not known.
b) IOANNES Bryennios (-after 1078). The Alexeiad records that "Ioannes Bryennios, the general's brother" commanded part of the army of Nikephoros Bryennios at the defeat near Kalaura [669]. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:
i) --- Bryennios . Nikephoros Bryennios refers to "fratris Nicephori filio" when recording his betrothal [670]. Betrothed ([1077/78]) to HELENA Tarchanaiotissa, daughter of --- Tarchanaiotes & his wife ---. Nikephoros Bryennios records that "suam sororem Helenam" (referring to "Tarchaneiotes") was betrothed to "fratris Nicephori filio" at the instigation of "matrem Bryenniorum curopalatissam Annam", dated to at or just before the time of her son's rebellion from the context [671].
As shown below, Nikephoros Bryennios is reported in the Alexeiad as "descended from the Bryennii", indicating the brothers Nikephoros and Ioannes shown above. Although the birth dates of the brothers Nikephoros and Ioannes, and of Nikephoros junior, cannot be estimated with any reasonable degree of accuracy, it appears unlikely that there would be more than one generation between the two family sub-groups. The marriage date of Nikephoros junior suggests that it is less likely that he was the son of one of the brothers, although if on the contrary that was the case normal Byzantine naming practices (where a son is not named after his father) suggest that he would have been the son of Ioannes.
1. NIKEPHOROS Bryennios (-Constantinople [1136/37]). The Alexeiad names "the Cæsar Nicephorus…descended from the Bryennii" as the husband of Anna when recording that he campaigned in Syria with her brother Emperor Ioannes [672]. Supported by his wife and mother-in-law, he claimed the imperial throne on the death of his father-in-law. Panhypersébastos. Cæsar. m (1097) ANNA Komnene Doukaina, daughter of Emperor ALEXIOS I & his second wife Eirene Doukaina (2 Dec 1083-[1149/54]). Nikephoros Bryennios & his wife had six children:
a) lang=ES ALEXIOS Bryennios Komnenoslang=ES> (-[30/31] Mar after [1156]). Niketas Choniates names "Alexio Comneno, Bryennii Cæsaris filio, consobrino Manuelis, magni ducis" [673] lang=ES>. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Alexio, imperatoris Alexii ex filia nepote" was granted "magni ducis…dignitate" [674]. Mega Dux 1156. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Alexium…imperatoris Alexii ex Anna filia nepotem…magnus dux…et Nicephorum ex Bryenniorum familia" were sent to Antioch for the betrothal of Emperor Manuel I to Maria of Antioch in 1161 [675]. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "[30/31] Mar, Alexius son of Porphyrogenita Anna" [676]. m [---, daughter of DAVIT II King of Georgia. This person has not been identified in the family of the kings of Georgia.] Alexios Bryennios Komnenos & his wife had two children:
i) ANDRONIKOS Komnenos. Niketas Choniates names "Andronicum Comnenum…Alexii filius, nati ex Bryennio Cæsare et Anna filii Alexii, primi ex Comnenia familia imperatoris", when recording his bid for the throne [677]. Claimant to the imperial throne. He was blinded by Emperor Isaakios II Angelos.
ii) DAVID . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
b) IOANNES Doukas. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m firstly THEODORA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly ---. The name of Ioannes's second wife is not known. Ioannes & his first wife had one child:
i) NIKEPHOROS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
Ioannes & his second wife had four children:
ii) NIKEPHOROS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
iii) ANDRONIKOS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
iv) ALEXIOS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
v) MANUEL . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
c) ANDRONIKOS Bryennios (-21 Sep ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "21 Sep, Andronicus son of Porphyrogenita Anna" [678].
d) KONSTANTINOS Bryennios (-21 Sep ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "30 Oct, Constantine son of Porphyrogenita Anna" [679].
e) EIRENE Doukas. m ---.
f) MARIA (-18 Apr ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "18 Apr, Maria, daughter of the Porphyrogenita Anna" [680].
1. NIKEPHOROS Bryennios (-after 1161). Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Alexium…imperatoris Alexii ex Anna filia nepotem…magnus dux…et Nicephorum ex Bryenniorum familia" were sent to Antioch for the betrothal of Emperor Manuel I to Maria of Antioch in 1161 [681]. m EIRENE Komnene, daughter of STEPHANOS Kontostephanos & his wife Anna Komnene (after [1125]-). Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Nicephorum ex Bryenniorum familia" married "ex fratre vel sorore Manuelis neptim" [682]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified.
2. IOSEPHOS Bryennios. Pansébastos. m (before 1166) MARIA Komnene, daughter of [ISAAKIOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Eirene ---]. Her husband is recorded as gambros of Emperor Manuel I, but his wife could have been the daughter either of Andronikos or Isaakios, brothers of Emperor Ioannes II [683]. On balance, it is more probable that she was the daughter of Isaakios. The death of Andronikos's daughter named Maria is recorded in the list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family, and it appears that this list does not include the names of married female members of the family, except for direct ancestors and the wives of males in the family. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified.
1. MIKHAEL Melissenos . He was appointed strategos of Anatolikon by Emperor Konstantinos V in 766/67 in reward for his support of iconoclasm [684]. He marched against Banakas of Isauria in 772 but was heavily defeated [685]. m ---, sister of Empress Evdokia, third wife of Emperor Konstantinos V, daughter of ---. Mikhael Melissenos & his wife had one child:
a) THEODOTOS Melissenos. Genesius records that "Theodoto…filio Michaelis patricii, generis Melisseni, cui cognomentum erat Cassiteras" was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople by Emperor Leon V [686]. Ostrogorsky dates his appointment to 1 Apr 815 [687].
1. NIKEPHOROS Melissenos (-shortly after 1107 [688]). Nikephoros Bryennios records that "Manuel" (Comnenos) was captured by the Turks "cum duobus sororem suarum viris, Melisseno et Taronita" [689]. He declared himself Emperor NIKEPHOROS at Nikaia end 1080, and obtained the support of Suleiman Sultan of the Seljuk Turks for his claim. The Alexeiad records that Nikephoros Melissenos declared himself emperor but that, when he heard of the Komnenoi revolt against Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates, he negotiated a truce with them because "we are related" (although the precise relationship is not stated), and was rewarded with the rank cæsar and the governorship of Thessaloniki [690]. He was appointed cæsar (which, subsequent to the creation in favour of Alexios's brother Isaakios of the new title sebastokrator, was no longer the highest honour in the empire) in 1082 by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos [691], rewarding him for his part in the rebellion which overthrew Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates. Governor of Thessaloniki 1082-early 1091. m (1067) EVDOKIA Komnene, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos, domestikos & his wife Anna Dalassena ([1050]-). Nikephoros Bryennios records the marriage of "Ioannes…Comnenus curopalates…Eudocia…secundo genita [filia]" and "Melisseno Nicephoro" [692]. The Alexeiad names Nikephoros Melissenos as the brother-in-law of Emperor Alexius but does not name his wife [693]. Nikephoros Melissenos & his wife had one child:
a) IOANNES Komnenos Melissenos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Parakoimomenos. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes Melissenos & his wife had one child:
i) ALEXIOS Komnenos Melissenos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Megadux.
1. --- Melissenos . Georgius Akropolites records that "Michael despota" send legates to the emperor "Xerum metropolitam Naupacti, Maliassenum sororis suæ generum, et Lampetem" [694]. m ---, daughter of [--- Sphrantzes/KONSTANTINOS Chabaron] & his wife Maria Angelina of Epirus.
1. LEO Melissenos. Sébastokrator. m ---. The name of Leo's wife is not known. Leo & his wife had one child:
a) NIKEPHOROS Melissenos [Melissourgos] (-1429). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He owned estates in Messenia. m ---. The name of Nikephoros's wife is not known. Nikephoros & his wife had one child:
i) NIKOLAOS Melissenos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He fled from Constantinople to Corfu, and then to Crete where he became a priest [695]. Betrothed: to TAMARA Sphrantzes, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her betrothal has not yet been identified. She was abducted when Constantinople was captured by the Turks in 1453 and died in a harem some years later [696].
1. MARIANOS Branas (-after 1047). Cedrenus records that "Joanne Batatze…Theodoro Strabomyta, Polye, Marianoque Brana, Occidentalium legionem ducibus et sibi sanguine propinquis" supported "patricii Leonis Tornicii" strategos of Iberia in his rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos IX Monomachos, dated to [1047] [697].
2. DEMETRIOS Branas . Ioannes Kinnamos names "Demetrius cognomento Branas" as a naval commander, in a passage dealing with the early years of the reign of Emperor Manuel I [698].
3. MIKHAEL Branas . Ioannes Kinnamos names "Michael cognomento Branas" as "ad Naisum, quæ metropolis est urbium Dacicarum…provinciæ prefectura", appointed by Emperor Manuel I [699].
4. lang=ES ALEXIOS Branas lang=ES>, son of --- (-1186). Pansébastos, sébastos. He led the army of Emperor Isaakios II Angelos against the Normans, defeating them at Mosynopolis and Dimitritsa 7 Nov 1185, which resulted in their expulsion from Thessaloniki, Durazzo and Corfu [700]. He also led the Byzantine army against the Bulgarian rebellion of the brothers Ivan Asen and Teodor in 1186, but having penetrated rebel territory he used the army for his own interests and led it to Adrianople where he was proclaimed Emperor ALEXIOS. He marched on Constantinople, but was put to flight and killed [701]. m ANNA Komnene Batatzaina, daughter of ANDRONIKOS Komnenos Batatzes & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Alexios Branas & his wife had two children:
a) EVDOKIA Komnene Branaina. Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Johannem sebastocratorem patruum suum [Isaacii imperatoris]…filio suo" and "Brana…filiam" [702]. m ([1187]) ISAAKIOS Komnenos Doukas, son of IOANNES Doukas Angelos & his wife --- (-killed in battle Constantinople 1203).
b) THEODOROS Branas. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Leader of the Greeks at Philippopolis, he opposed Kalojan Tsar of Bulgaria in 1205. The people of the city agreed to submit to Henri, regent of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, for protection. In turn, Henri arranged for Venice (which had claims over Adrianople) to appoint Theodoros Branas as Lord of Adrianople and Didymoteichon. He is referred to as cæsar and Komnenos in the grant [703]. He was besieged once more at Adrianople by the Bulgarian Tsar in 1206 [704]. m (1204) as her third husband, ANNA style="COLOR: windowtext">[Agnès] de France, widow firstly of Emperor ALEXIOS II and secondly of Emperor ANDRONIKOS I, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his third wife Alix de Champagne (1171-after 1240). Her third marriage is deduced from Villehardouin naming "Theodore Branas, a Greek who was married to the king of France's sister" when recording that Apros was restored to him in 1205 [705]. After being widowed for the third time, she lived as a recluse in the palace of Bukoleon. Theodoros Branas & his wife had one child:
i) --- Branaina (-before 1239). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the daughter of "sororem regis Francorum imperatricem" marrying "Nargaldo de Toceio, Guidonis de Dampetro consobrinus", in a later passage recording that she was "filia Livernes et sororis regis Francie" [706]. m as his first husband, NARJOT de Toucy Seigneur de Bazarne, son of NARJOT [II] Sire de Toucy & his wife Agnès de Dampierre-sur-l'Aube (-1241). Regent of the Latin Empire of Constantinople 1228-1231 and 1238-1239.
1. EIRENE Komnene Laskarina Branaina (-[1271]). Pachymeres records the marriage of "Branæ filiam" and "alterum…fratrum Constantinum…cæsarem" (referring to the future Emperor Mikhael VIII) [707]. She became a nun as MARIA. m ([1259/60]) KONSTANTINOS Angelos Komnenos Doukas Palaiologos, sébastokrator, son of ANDRONIKOS Doukas Komnenos Palaiologos, megas domestikos, dux of Thessaloniki & his first wife Theodora Palaiologina (-1271).
[1] lang=ES>Sturdza, M. D. (1999) Dictionnaire Historique et Généalogique des Grandes Familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople (2e edition Paris), p. 50.
[2] Mikhael Psellos, Chronographia: Sewter, E. R. A. (trans.) (1966) Fourteen Byzantine Rulers, the Chronographia of Mikhael Psellus (Penguin Books) ("Psellos").
[3] Meineke, A. (ed.) (1836) Ioannes Cinnamus, Nicephorus Bryennius, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn).
[4] Meineke, A. (ed.) (1836) Ioannes Cinnamus, Nicephorus Bryennius, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn).
[5] Meineke, A. (ed.) (1835) Nicetæ Choniatæ Historia, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn).
[6] Sewter, E. R. A. (trans.) (1969) Anna Comnena The Alexiad (Penguin Books).
[7] Niebuhr, B. G. (ed.) (1840) Ephræmii Monachi Imperatorum et Patriarcharum, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn).
[8] Büttner-Wobst, T. (ed.) (1897) Ioannes Zonaras, Tome III, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn).
[9] Bekker, I. (ed.) (1836) Constantinus Manasses, Ioel, Georgius Acropolita, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn).
[10] Prosopography of the Byzantine World ("PBW"), Prosopographical Reading of Byzantine Sources 1025-1102, second edition (2006.02), consulted at <http://www.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/content/index.html> (Sep 2007).
[11] ES II 174-179.
[12] lang=ES>Revue des études byzantineslang=ES> (REB) 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[13] Migne, J. P. (1889) Georgius Cedrenus Tomus Prior, Patrologiæ cursus completus, Series Græca Tomus CXXII (Paris) ("Cedrenus II"), col. 198.
[14] Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[15] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[16] Cedrenus II, col. 214.
[17] Runciman, S. (1951, 1952 and 1954) A History of the Crusades (Penguin Books, 1978), Vol 1, p. 55.
[18] Cedrenus II, col. 354.
[19] Alexeiad, Book 11, p. 335.
[20] Cedrenus II, col. 151.
[21] Meineke, A. (ed.) (1836) Ioannes Cinnamus, Nicephorus Bryennius, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn), Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 1, p. 17.
[22] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 1, p. 17.
[23] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 1, p. 17.
[24] Alexeiad, Book 11, p. 335.
[25] Cedrenus II, col. 342.
[26] Cedrenus II, col. 358.
[27] Cedrenus II, col. 354.
[28] Cedrenus II, col. 354.
[29] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[30] Sturdza (1999), p. 271.
[31] Migne, J. P. (1889) Georgius Cedrenus, Ioannes Scylitzes, Michael Psellus, Patrologiæ cursus completus, Series Græca Tomus CXXII (Paris) Excerpta ex breviario historico Joannis Scylitzæ curopalatæ ("Skylitzes"), col. 375.
[32] Sewter, E. R. A. (trans.) (1966) Fourteen Byzantine Rulers, the Chronographia of Mikhael Psellos (Penguin Books) ("Psellos"), p. 324.
[33] Bekker, I. (ed.) (1836) Michael Glycas, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn) ("Mikhael Glykas") IV, p. 604.
[34] lang=ES> Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 603.
[35] Skylitzes, col. 375.
[36] Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 604.
[37] Psellos, p. 324.
[38] Skylitzes, col. 375.
[39] Alexeiad, Book 1, p. 37.
[40] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 1, p. 17.
[41] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 122, and Book 2, p. 73.
[42] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 1, p. 17.
[43] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 122, and Book 2, p. 73.
[44] Skylitzes, col. 370.
[45] Sturdza (1999), p. 271.
[46] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[47] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[48] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 83.
[49] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[50] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[51] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 73.
[52] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 11, p. 32.
[53] Alexeiad, Book 1, p. 31.
[54] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[55] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[56] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 83.
[57] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[58] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 6, p. 24.
[59] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 103.
[60] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 112.
[61] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[62] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[63] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 73.
[64] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 66.
[65] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber II, 28, p. 96.
[66] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 111.
[67] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[68] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 79.
[69] "Eirene 65" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 2932.
[70] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[71] Theodore Prodromos, cited in Polemis, D. I. (1968) The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography (London, Athlone Press), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[72] Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[73] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[74] Polemis (1968), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[75] Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[76] Alexeiad, Book 10, p. 314.
[77] Alexeiad, Book 8, p. 264.
[78] Alexeiad, Book 12, p. 379.
[79] Schreiner, P. "Eine unbekannte Beschreibung der Pammakaristos-kirche (Fethiye Camii) und weitere Texte zure Topographie Konstantinopels," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 25 (1971), pp. 217-48, cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[80] Alexeiad, Book 12, pp. 379 and 388.
[81] ES II 174.
[82] Magdalino, P. (2002) The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180 (Cambridge), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[83] Magdalino (2002), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[84] Alexeiad, Book 8, p. 265.
[85] Sturdza (1999), p. 247.
[86] "Konstantinos 31" in PBW (2006.2), citing Theophylact of Ohrid 563.2.
[87] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[88] Magdalino (2002), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[89] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[90] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[91] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 6, p. 24.
[92] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 111.
[93] 17 Nov 1104 according to Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[94] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[95] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 6, p. 24.
[96] Alexeiad, Book 10, p. 296.
[97] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[98] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 73.
[99] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[100] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 112.
[101] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[102] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 108.
[103] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[104] Magdalino (2002) and Cheynet, J.-C. and Vannier, J.-F. (1986) Études prosopographiques (Paris), both cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[105] Before 1086 in Sturdza p 274.
[106] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[107] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 112.
[108] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[109] Theophylaktos of Ohrid, cited in PBW Gregorios 108.
[110] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[111] Schreiner, P. "Eine unbekannte Beschreibung der Pammakaristos-kirche (Fethiye Camii) und weitere Texte zure Topographie Konstantinopels," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 25 (1971), pp. 217-48, cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[112] Polemis (1968), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[113] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[114] lang=ES>Magdalino (2002lang=ES>), Varzos, K. (1984) He Genealogia ton Komnenon, 2 vols. (Thessaloniki, Kentron Byzantinon erevnon), and Cheynet (1986), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[115] Schreiner, P. "Eine unbekannte Beschreibung der Pammakaristos-kirche (Fethiye Camii) und weitere Texte zure Topographie Konstantinopels," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 25 (1971), pp. 217-48, cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[116] Schreiner, P. "Eine unbekannte Beschreibung der Pammakaristos-kirche (Fethiye Camii) und weitere Texte zure Topographie Konstantinopels," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 25 (1971), pp. 217-48, cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[117] Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[118] Morris Bierbrier, in a private email to the author dated 6 Feb 2006.
[119] Baumgarten, N. de 'Généalogies et mariages occidentaux des Rurikides Russes du X au XIII siècles´, Orientalia Christiana Vol. IX - 1, No. 35, May 1927 (reprint, Pont. Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, Rome) (“Baumgarten (1927)”)lang=ES>, p. 11, citing " lang=ES>Œlang=ES>uvres de Cyrille Evêque de Tourovlang=ES>" p. IX.
[120] Ortliebi Zwifaltensis Chronicon, MGH SS X, p. 90, and footnote 7.
[121] Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[122] Only three examples are noted in PBW (2006.2).
[123] ES II 175.
[124] Baumgarten (1927), p. 25, citing Karamzine II note 405, and p. 27.
[125] Sturdza (1999), p. 275.
[126] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 2, p. 19.
[127] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 73.
[128] Alexeiad, Book 1, p. 31.
[129] Fine, J. V. A. (1991) The Early Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century (Ann Arbour, University of Michigan Press), p. 282.
[130] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, pp. 76-7.
[131] Alexeiad, Book 8, pp. 266-8.
[132] Alexeiad, Book IX, p. 281.
[133] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, pp. 102-3.
[134] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 149-52.
[135] lang=ES> REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[136] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber III, 6, p. 107.
[137] Alexeiad, Book 2, pp. 91-2.
[138] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 90.
[139] Alexeiad, Book 1, p. 53.
[140] Alexeiad, Book 3, pp. 105 and 110.
[141] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber III, 6, p. 106.
[142] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 109.
[143] Niketas Choniates, Iohannes Komnenos, 2, p. 8.
[144] lang=ES> Zonaras XVIII, 22, p. 738.
[145] lang=ES> Alexeiad, Preface, p. 17.
[146] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 208-9.
[147] Alexeiad, Preface, p. 19.
[148] Alexeiad, Book 6, p. 197.
[149] Zonaras XVIII, 22, p. 739.
[150] Alexeiad, Book 10, p. 301.
[151] lang=ES>RHC, Historiens occidentaux I, Historia Rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum ("L'estoire de Eracles Empereur et la conqueste de la terre d'Outremer") (“WT”) II.XII, p. 89.
[152] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Iohannes Komnenos, 5, p. 23.
[153] Cross, S. H. and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, O. P. (trans. & eds.) (1973) The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text (Cambridge, Massachusetts) ("Russian Primary Chronicle") 1104, p. 202.
[154] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber III style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 17, p. 127.
[155] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[156] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[157] Alexeiad, Book 15, p. 511.
[158] lang=ES> Zonaras XVIII, 22, p. 739.
[159] lang=ES> Zonaras XVIII, 22, p. 739.
[160] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber II Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 7, p. 126.
[161] Niketas Choniates, Iohannes Komnenos, 5, p. 23.
[162] Russian Primary Chronicle 1104, p. 202.
[163] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, Liber 1, 8, p. 72.
[164] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 219.
[165] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, Liber 1, 8, p. 72.
[166] Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[167] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[168] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[169] Niketas Choniates, Iohannes Komnenos, 5, 11 and 12, pp. 23, 52 and 56.
[170] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[171] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[172] Alexeiad, Book 6, p. 197.
[173] WT II.XII, p. 89.
[174] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 208.
[175] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 210.
[176] Sturdza (1999), p. 271.
[177] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 212.
[178] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 223-4.
[179] Zonaras XVIII, 24, p. 748.
[180] Ioannes Kinnamos Liber I, 4, p. 9.
[181] Macartney, C. A. (1962) Hungary: A Short History (Edinburgh University Press), Chapter 3, consulted at Corvinus Library of Hungarian History, <http://www.hungary.com/corvinus/lib/> (20 Jul 2003).
[182] Alexeiad, Book 12, p. 379.
[183] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[184] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 222.
[185] lang=ES> ES II 177.
[186] Sturdza (1999), p. 276.
[187] Baumgarten (1927), p. 25, citing Byzantina Chronika IX, pp. 418-46, and XI, pp. 73-98.
[188] lang=ES> Brosset, M.-F. (trans.) (1849) Histoire de la Géorgie Vol. I (St Petersburg) ("Georgian Chronicle (18th century)"), p. 360.
[189] Bedrosian, R. (trans.) (1991) Juansher's Concise History of the Georgians ("Georgian Chronicle (13th century)") (New York), 18, p. 110.
[190] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, pp. 135-6.
[191] "Maria 20117" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 3040.
[192] Sturdza (1999), p. 276.
[193] Alexeiad, Book 12, p. 379.
[194] lang=ES>Ioannes Kinnamoslang=ES> Liber II, 3, p. 36.
[195] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[196] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 222.
[197] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[198] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber VII de Rebus Gesti Manuelis Comneni, 1, p. 68.
[199] lang=ES>Ioannes Kinnamoslang=ES> Liber III, 9, p. 109.
[200] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[201] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 347-8.
[202] Castellani 1890, RHC. [Jean-Claude Chuat]
[203] Rüdt-Collenberg (1975), p. 125, footnote 30.
[204] ES II 177.
[205] Chuat, J. C. (2006) De Chemins en Jalons, Vol. II. Jalons vers l´antiquité (privately published by the author), pp. 21-2.
[206] WT XX.I, p. 942.
[207] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 13, p. 237.
[208] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 370 and 377.
[209] Nielen, M.-A. (ed.) (2003) Lignages d'Outremer (Paris)lang=ES>, Marciana Ms Francese 20, CC.LXXXVII, p. 61.
[210] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1233, MGH SS XXIII, p. 933.
[211] lang=ES>Mas de Latrie, M. L. de (1855) Histoire de l'Ile de Chypre (Paris), Vol. 3, p. 608.
[212] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 8, p. 384.
[213] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[214] Annales Mellicenses 1149, MGH SS IX, p. 504.
[215] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 270.
[216] Fuhrmann, H., trans. Reuter, T. (1995) Germany in the high middle ages c.1050-1200 (Cambridge University Press), p. 150.
[217] Annales Mellicenses 1185, MGH SS IX, p. 505.
[218] Continuatio Zwetlensis Altera 1184, MGH SS IX, p. 542.
[219] Necrologium Seccoviense, Salzburg Necrologies (Regio Styriaca), p. 403.
[220] Monumenta Necrologica Claustroneoburgensis, Passau Necrologies (II), p. 3.
[221] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[222] ES II 177.
[223] Rüdt-Collenberg, W. H. (1963) The Rupenides, Hethumides and Lusignans, The Structure of the Armeno-Cilician Dynasties (Paris, Librairie Klincksieck), p. 50, citing presumably Tschamitchan, M. History of Armenia I/II (Calcutta, 1827).
[224] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 173.
[225] lang=ES>Ioannes Kinnamoslang=ES> Liber V, 8, p. 226.
[226] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[227] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 348.
[228] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 1, p. 293.
[229] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber II Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 103.
[230] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[231] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber II Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 106.
[232] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 4, p. 376.
[233] lang=ES> ES II 177.
[234] Morris Bierbrier, in a private email to the author dated 15 Mar 2007.
[235] Sturdza (1999), p. 277.
[236] Rüdt-Collenberg, W. H. (1968) 'L'Empereur Isaac de Chypre et sa fille (1155-1207)', Byzantion XXXVIII, reprinted in Familles de l'Orient latin XIIe-XIVe siècles (Variorum Reprints, London, 1983), p. 127.
[237] Niketas Choniates Chronikon, ed. Bekker (Bonn, 1835), 14.
[238] Rüdt-Collenberg (1968), p. 128, footnote 1.
[239] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 4, p. 376.
[240] Rüdt-Collenberg (1968), p. 130, citing Nephytos 'Presbyter De Calamitatibus Cypri', Patrologia Græca, 135 (Paris, 1864), 4.
[241] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 4, p. 377.
[242] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber VI style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 6, p. 268.
[243] lang=ES>Ioannes Kinnamoslang=ES> Liber IV, 1, p. 135.
[244] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 165.
[245] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 1, p. 203.
[246] WT XVIII.XXII, p. 857.
[247] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 13, p. 237.
[248] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 349-50.
[249] WT XX.II, p. 943.
[250] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 2, p. 295.
[251] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 378-9.
[252] lang=ES> ES II 175.
[253] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[254] Sturdza (1999), p. 277.
[255] Kerbl, R. (1979) Byzantinische Prinzessinnen in Ungarn zwischen 1050-1200 und ihr Einfluß auf das Arpadenkönigreich (VWGÖ, Vienna), p. 149.
[256] Ioannes Kinnamos I, 9, p. 21.
[257] "Andronikos 17010" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 3038.
[258] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber III style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 10, p. 114.
[259] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 351.
[260] Lignages d'Outremer, Le Vaticanus Latinus 4789, CCC.XXXIIII, p. 93.
[261] Sturdza (1999), p. 276.
[262] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 429.
[263] Lignages d'Outremer, Marciana Ms Francese 20, CC.LXXXXVII, p. 77.
[264] Lignages d'Outremer, Le Vaticanus Latinus 4789, CCC.XLVI, p. 110.
[265] ES II 177. She was born in 1164, according to Rüdt-Collenberg (1968), p. 165, footnote 3.
[266] Sturdza (1999), p. 276.
[267] Varzos (1984), vol. II, p. 14, n. 19 . [J.-C. Chuat]
[268] lang=FR>D'Aigrefeuille, C. (1875) Histoire de la ville de Montpellier Tome I (Montpellier), pp. 67-8.
[269] lang=IT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Annali Pisani. Continuazione volgaralang=IT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, 1179, pp. 67-8, available at <lang=EN-AU style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">http://dante.di.unipi.it/ricerca/html/anp.html> (25 Nov 2006).
[270] Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 4, p. 301.
[271] Grume, V. Les Regestes du Patriarcat de Constantinople (Paris, 1932), Reg. 1162, cited in Rüdt-Collenberg (1968), Table I.
[272] Magdalino (2002), and Cheynet (1986), both cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[273] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 6, p. 386.
[274] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 6, p. 697.
[275] Sturdza (1999), p. 271.
[276] Ioannes Kinnamos I, 9, p. 21.
[277] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber VII de Rebus Gesti Manuelis Comneni, 1, p. 66.
[278] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 351.
[279] Fine (1991), pp. 242-43.
[280] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), pp. 412-4.
[281] lang=ES> Sturdza (1999), p. 271.
[282] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber VII Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 7, p. 286.
[283] Mierow, C. C. (trans.) (2004) The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa (Columbia UP) ("Otto of Freising"), Gesta, I xxv, p. 55.
[284] Although this obligation was subsequently confirmed by the Treaty of Thessaloniki in end 1148, see Houben, H. (trans. Loud, G. H. & Milburn, D.) (2002) Roger II of Sicily, A Ruler between East and West (Cambridge University Press), p. 90.
[285] Houben (2002), p.. 89.
[286] WT XXII.IV, p. 1067.
[287] lang=ES>Monumenta Necrologica Claustroneoburgensis lang=ES>, Passau Necrologies (II), p. 3.
[288] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 4, p. 208.
[289] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 4, p. 208.
[290] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 359.
[291] lang=ES>Lignages d'Outremerlang=ES>, Le Vaticanus Latinus 4789, CCC.XXXIIII, p. 93, and Le Vaticanus Latinus 7806, El parentado de Beimonte principe 9, p. 172.
[292] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 4, p. 209.
[293] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 358.
[294] Sturdza (1999), p. 271.
[295] Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 4, p. 301.
[296] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[297] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 167.
[298] lang=ES>Ioannes Kinnamoslang=ES> Liber V, 5, p. 215.
[299] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber V Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 8, p. 221.
[300] Romoaldi Annales, MGH SS XIX, pp. 436 and 439.
[301] Parker, J. 'The Attempted Byzantine Alliance with the Sicilian Norman Kingdom (1166-7)', Greierson, P. and Perkins, J. W. (eds.) (1956) Studies in Italian Medieval History, presented to Miss E. M. Jamison, Papers of the British School at Rome Volume XXIV (New Series, Volume XI) (British School at Rome, London), pp. 86-93, and Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 403.
[302] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber V Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 8, p. 222.
[303] WT XXII.IV, p. 1067.
[304] lang=ES>Delisle, L. (ed.) (1872) Chronique de Robert de Torigni, abbé de Mont-Saint-Michel (Rouen) Vol. II, p. 87.
[305] Fine (1991), pp. 239-40.
[306] Fine (1991), p. 243.
[307] WT XXII.IV, p. 1066.
[308] Sicardi Episcopi Cremonensis Cronica, MGH SS XXXI, p. 173.
[309] Fine, J. V. A. (1994) The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest (Ann Arbour, University of Michigan Press), p. 63.
[310] Ioannes Kinnamos V, 1, p. 202.
[311] WT XXII.IV, p. 1066.
[312] Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 1, p. 291.
[313] Stubbs, W. (ed.) (1847) Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis, The Chronicle of the reigns of Henry II and Richard I 1169-1192, known commonly under the name of Benedict of Peterborough (London) (“Benedict of Peterborough”) I 1179, p. 230.
[314] WT XXII.IV, p. 1066.
[315] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1164, MGH SS XXIII, p. 848.
[316] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 1, p. 357.
[317] Benedict of Peterborough I 1183, p. 234.
[318] Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 4, p. 301.
[319] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), p. 417.
[320] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[321] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 15, p. 337.
[322] lang=ES> ES II 175.
[323] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 332.
[324] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), p. 396.
[325] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 364-5.
[326] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 377-9.
[327] Fine (1994), p. 6.
[328] ES II 175.
[329] Sturdza (1999), p. 275.
[330] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1164, MGH SS XXIII, p. 848.
[331] WT XXII.IV, p. 1066.
[332] Benedict of Peterborough I 1179, p. 230.
[333] Benedict of Peterborough I 1183, p. 234.
[334] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 1, p. 357.
[335] Shaw, M. R. B. (trans.) (1963) Joinville and Villehardouin, Chronicles of the Crusades (Penguin) (“Villehardouin”), 18, p. 133.
[336] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135.
[337] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 173.
[338] lang=ES>Ioannes Kinnamoslang=ES> Liber V, 8, p. 226.
[339] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, pp. 181-2.
[340] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 2, p. 295.
[341] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, pp. 378-9.
[342] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 11, p. 323.
[343] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 17, p. 348.
[344] ES II 176.
[345] Sturdza (1999), p. 280.
[346] Kennedy, S. (trans.) (2007) The Chronicle of Michael Panaretos ("Michael Panaretos), 1, available at <http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/972250&alert=0> (23 Oct 2008).
[347] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber de Rebus post captam urbem gestis, 16, p. 842.
[348] Michael Panaretos 1.
[349] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber de Rebus post captam urbem gestis, 16, p. 842.
[350] Sturdza (1999), p. 278.
[351] Gardner, A. (1912) The Lascarids of Nicæa, The Story of an Empire in Exile (Methuen, London), pp. 86-7.
[352] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 11, p. 323.
[353] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 185.
[354] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), p. 412.
[355] MB in a private email to the author dated 10 Dec 2006.
[356] lang=ES> Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[357] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 185.
[358] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 15, p. 337.
[359] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 185.
[360] lang=ES> Fine (1994), p. 28.
[361] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 2, p. 605.
[362] lang=ES>Niebuhr, B. G. (ed.) (1840) Ephræmii Monachi Imperatorum et Patriarcharum, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn) ("Ephræmius") 6445, p. 263.
[363] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 2, p. 674.
[364] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 2 and 6, pp. 620 and 623.
[365] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 7, p. 709.
[366] Fine (1994), p. 28-9.
[367] Fine (1994), pp. 30-1.
[368] Whose wife was Maria Angelina, paternal aunt of Emperor Alexios III.
[369] Fine (1994), p. 32.
[370] Bekker, I. (ed.) (1838) Theophanes Continuatus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus Continuatus, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn), Georgii Monachi Vitæ Recentiorum Imperatorum (referred to as Georgius Monachus Continuatus in PBE I CD-Rom), De Leone Basilii filii, 38, p. 867.
[371] ES II 178.
[372] Georgii Monachi Vitæ Recentiorum Imperatorum (referred to as Georgius Monachus Continuatus in PBE I CD-Rom), De Leone Basilii filii, 38, p. 867.
[373] Bekker, I. (ed.) (1838) Theophanes Continuatus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus Continuatus, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn)Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 2-4, pp. 381-84.
[374] Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 3, p. 383.
[375] Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 4, p. 384.
[376] Georgii Monachi Vitæ Recentiorum Imperatorum (referred to as Georgius Monachus Continuatus in PBE I CD-Rom), De Leone Basilii filii, 38, p. 867.
[377] Migne, J. P. (1889) Cedreni Historiarum Continuatio, Patrologiæ cursus completus, Series Græca Tomus CXXII (Paris) ("Cedrenus II"), col. 10.
[378] Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 3, p. 383.
[379] Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 3, p. 383.
[380] Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 3, p. 383.
[381] Psellos, p. 326.
[382] Sturdza (1999), p. 293.
[383] "Andronikos 20128" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 3390.
[384] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 326.
[385] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 342.
[386] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol 1, pp. 66-7.
[387] Alexeiad, Book 1, p. 59.
[388] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[389] "Leon 2103" in PBW (2006.2), citing ' style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">Ἐ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">πιτάφιος ε style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">ἰ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ς Ε style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">ἰ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ρήνην καισάρισσαν', in Kurtz, E. and Drexl, F. (1936) Michaelis Pselli Scripta minora magnam partem adhuc inedita I (Milan), pp. 155-189, 159.
[390] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[391] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 110.
[392] Mikhael Glykas IV, pp. 611-2.
[393] lang=ES> Psellos, pp. 360-1.
[394] Theodore Prodromos, cited in Polemis (1968), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[395] Polemis (1968), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[396] Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[397] Theodore Prodromos, cited in Polemis (1968), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[398] Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[399] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[400] "Maria 20115" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 2999.
[401] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 110.
[402] Mikhael Glykas IV, pp. 611-2.
[403] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 365, footnote 1.
[404] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 362.
[405] lang=ES> REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[406] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber III, 6, p. 106.
[407] Alexeiad, Book 2, pp. 85 and 87.
[408] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[409] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 90.
[410] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[411] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[412] "Konstantinos 130" in PBW (2006.2), citing Theophylact of Ohrid 461.19, 549.20, 571.16.
[413] Polemis (1968), cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[414] Schreiner, P. "Eine unbekannte Beschreibung der Pammakaristos-kirche (Fethiye Camii) und weitere Texte zure Topographie Konstantinopels," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 25 (1971), pp. 217-48, cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[415] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[416] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[417] Alexeiad, Book 2, pp. 86-7.
[418] Alexeiad, Book 2, pp. 91-2.
[419] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 90.
[420] Alexeiad, Book 1, p. 53.
[421] Alexeiad, Book 3, pp. 105 and 110.
[422] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber III, 6, p. 106.
[423] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 109.
[424] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[425] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 87.
[426] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 90.
[427] lang=ES> REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[428] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber III, 6, p. 106.
[429] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[430] Schreiner, P. "Eine unbekannte Beschreibung der Pammakaristos-kirche (Fethiye Camii) und weitere Texte zure Topographie Konstantinopels," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 25 (1971), pp. 217-48, cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[431] Chronicon Ottonis Frisingensis VII. 21, MGH SS XX, p. 259.
[432] lang=ES> Sturdza (1999), p. 293.
[433] lang=ES> Kerbl (1979), p. 78.
[434] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber VI Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 233.
[435] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 4, p. 377.
[436] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber VI style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 6, p. 268.
[437] Sturdza (1999), pp. 208 and 277.
[438] Morris Bierbrier, in a private email to the author dated 18 Jan 2007.
[439] lang=ES> ES II 179.
[440] Endlicher, S. L. (ed.) (1849) Rerum Hungaricarum, Monumenta Arpadiana (Sangalli), lang=ES>Chronicon Posoniense lang=ES>, p. 57.
[441] lang=ES> ES II 154.
[442] lang=ES> Sturdza (1999), p. 293.
[443] lang=ES> Migne, J. P. (1887) Ioannes Zonaræ Annales, Patrologiæ cursus completus, Series Græca Tomus CXXXV (Paris) ("Zonaras II"), II, Liber XVII, XIV, col. 183.
[444] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 326.
[445] lang=ES>Runciman (1978), pp. 55-8.
[446] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 61.
[447] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 331, footnote 2.
[448] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 343.
[449] lang=ES> Psellos, pp. 333-4.
[450] lang=ES>Zonaras II, Liber XVII, XIV, col. 183.
[451] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 343.
[452] Niebuhr, B. G. (ed.) (1853) Michael Attaliota, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn) ("Mikhael Attaliota"), p. 56.
[453] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 6, p. 23.
[454] Psellos, p. 343, footnote 3.
[455] Psellos, pp. 348-9.
[456] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 334.
[457] lang=ES> Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 606.
[458] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 6, p. 23.
[459] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 334.
[460] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 61.
[461] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 359.
[462] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol 1, pp. 66-7.
[463] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 68.
[464] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), pp. 329-30.
[465] Zonaras XVIII, 17, p. 714.
[466] Alexeiad, Book 1, p. 37.
[467] Psellos, p. 373.
[468] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[469] Romoaldi Annales 1076, MGH SS XIX, p. 407.
[470] Alexeiad, Book 1, pp. 53 and 57-8.
[471] Skylitzes, col. 451.
[472] P. N. Dunbar (trans.) G. A. Loud (rev.) (2004) Amatus of Montecassino, The History of the Normans (Boydell) ("Amatus") VII.26, p. 178.
[473] Houts, E. van (ed. and trans.) (2000) The Normans in Europe (Manchester University Press), p. 252 footnote 83.
[474] Chibnall, M. (ed. and trans.) The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis (Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969-80), Vol. IV, Book VII, p. 15.
[475] lang=ES> Zonaras XVIII, 22, p. 738.
[476] lang=ES> Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 607.
[477] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 340.
[478] lang=ES> Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 607.
[479] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 340.
[480] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 340.
[481] lang=ES> Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 606.
[482] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber I, 6, p. 23.
[483] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 340.
[484] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 374.
[485] Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 606.
[486] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 6, p. 23.
[487] Psellos, p. 340.
[488] Psellos, pp. 345 and 346.
[489] Psellos, p. 375, footnote 1.
[490] Alexeiad, Book 4, p. 148.
[491] Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 607.
[492] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 108.
[493] Magdalino (2002) and Cheynet (1986), both cited by MB in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[494] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[495] "Theodotos 20108" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 3677.
[496] "Adralestos 20101" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seals 287 and 4370.
[497] "Baasakios 20102" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 4371.
[498] "Pankratios 20101" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seals 773 and 4073.
[499] lang=ES> Cedrenus II, col. 194.
[500] lang=ES>Zonaras II, Liber XVII, X, col. 172.
[501] lang=ES> Cedrenus II, col. 199.
[502] lang=ES>Zonaras II, Liber XVII, XII, col. 178.
[503] Cedrenus II, col. 219.
[504] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 350.
[505] lang=ES> Zonaras XVIII, 10, p. 684.
[506] Cedrenus II, col. 219.
[507] Mikhael Glykas IV, p. 607.
[508] Skylitzes, col. 393.
[509] lang=ES> Psellos, p. 350.
[510] lang=ES> Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 61.
[511] lang=ES> Skylitzes, col. 407.
[512] lang=ES> Psellos, pp. 348-9.
[513] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber I, 6, p. 24.
[514] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber II, 29, p. 99.
[515] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber I, 6, p. 24.
[516] lang=ES> Alexeiad, Book 10, p. 296.
[517] lang=ES> ES III 181.
[518] lang=ES> Amatus I.11, p. 48.
[519] Dumoret, J. (trans.) 'Histoire des Seldjoukides, extraite de l'ouvrage intitulé Khelassat-oul-akhbar', Nouveau Journal Asiatique, XIII (Paris 1834), p. 246.
[520] Alexeiad, Book 4, p. 144, and Book 9, p. 280.
[521] Alexeiad, Book 9, p. 281.
[522] Alexeiad, Book 7, p. 224.
[523] Alexeiad, Book 4, p. 144, and Book 9, p. 280.
[524] Alexeiad, Book 9, p. 281.
[525] Alexeiad, Book 9, pp. 281-7.
[526] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[527] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[528] Cedrenus II, col. 191.
[529] Skylitzes, col. 458.
[530] Cedrenus II, col. 351.
[531] Skylitzes, col. 383.
[532] Kerbl (1979), pp. 15-16.
[533] Laurent, V. Chronologie, p. 246 (28), cited in Kerbl (1979), p. 18.
[534] Kerbl (1979), p. 19.
[535] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, pp. 68-9.
[536] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 75.
[537] "Bebdene 101" in PBW (2006.2), citing Skylitzes Continuatus 181.22-23.
[538] Alexeiad, Book 1, p. 37.
[539] Alexeiad, Book 2, p. 83.
[540] Skylitzes, col. 475.
[541] "Leon 20113" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 241.
[542] "Eustratios 20120" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seals 3831 and 3832.
[543] "Manuel 20136" in PBW (2006.2), citing Seal 4445.
[544] lang=ES> Sturdza (1999), p. 207.
[545] lang=ES> ES II 179.
[546] lang=ES> ES II 179.
[547] lang=ES>Ioannes Kinnamoslang=ES> Liber III, 12, p. 120.
[548] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber II Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 7, p. 126.
[549] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber VI Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 233.
[550] lang=ES> Sturdza (1999), p. 208.
[551] lang=ES> REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[552] lang=ES> ES II 179.
[553] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber VI Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 233.
[554] Fine (1994), pp. 27 and 32.
[555] ES II 179.
[556] Ioannes Kinnamos IV, 7, pp. 47 and 52.
[557] Ioannes Kinnamos IV, 6, p. 148, IV, 11, p. 162 and V, 13, p. 238.
[558] lang=ES> ES II 179.
[559] lang=ES> ES II 179.
[560] lang=ES> Bekker, I. (ed.) (1837) Constantinus Manasses, Ioel, Georgius Acropolita, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn) ("Georgius Akropolites") 51, p. 107.
[561] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber VI Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 233.
[562] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 2, p. 365.
[563] lang=ES> Sturdza (1999), p. 208.
[564] lang=ES> ES II 179.
[565] lang=ES> Gardner (1912), p. 115.
[566] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 9, p. 319.
[567] Fine (1994), pp. 27-8.
[568] Fine (1994), p. 60.
[569] Michell, R. and Forbes, N (trans.) (1914) The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471 (London), 1204, pp. 43-8.
[570] Fine (1994), pp. 63-4.
[571] Fine (1994), p. 66.
[572] Gardner (1912), p. 64.
[573] Gardner (1912), p. 83.
[574] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 1, p. 601.
[575] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 2, 2, p. 642.
[576] Gardner (1912), p. 90.
[577] Ephræmius 7565, p. 306.
[578] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 2, p. 605.
[579] Ephræmius 6440, p. 263.
[580] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 2, p. 674.
[581] Georgius Akropolites 5, p. 10.
[582] Birth date range estimated from the birth of her daughter by her first marriage [before 1196].
[583] Gardner (1912), p. 115.
[584] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 2, p. 605.
[585] Ephræmius 6445, p. 263.
[586] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 2, p. 674.
[587] Georgius Akropolites 5, p. 10.
[588] Fine (1994), p. 28.
[589] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 7, p. 700.
[590] Fine (1994), p. 26.
[591] Fine (1994), p. 46.
[592] Niketas Choniates, Alexius Ducas Murzuflus, 3, p. 755.
[593] Georgius Akropolites 5, p. 10.
[594] Villehardouin, 14, p. 99.
[595] Ephræmius 7295, p. 296.
[596] Georgius Akropolites 8, p. 15.
[597] Fine (1994), pp. 64-5.
[598] Fine (1994), p. 64.
[599] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Andronici Comneni, Liber 1, 3, p. 374.
[600] Niketas Choniates, Imperium Alexii Comneni Porphyrogeniti Manuelis filii, 9, p. 319.
[601] Fine (1994), p. 9.
[602] Fine (1994), p. 14.
[603] Fine (1994), p. 15.
[604] Fine (1994), p. 24-25.
[605] Fine (1994), pp. 25-26.
[606] Fine (1994), p. 27.
[607] Fine (1994), p. 11.
[608] Boehmer, F. (1868) Fontes rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 323.
[609] Boehmer, F. (1868) Fontes rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 323.
[610] "Konstantinos 216" in PBW (2006.2), citing Branouse, E. and Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou, M. (1980) Βυζαντιν style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">ὰ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">ἔ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">γγραφα τ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">ῆ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ς μον style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">ῆ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ς Πάτμου 1. Α style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">ὐ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">τοκρατορικά, 2. Δημοσίων λειτουργ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">ῶ style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ν (Athens) Vol. 2, p. 131.14.
[611] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1167, MGH SS XXIII, pp. 849-50.
[612] Fine (1994), p. 10.
[613] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 4, p. 481.
[614] Fine (1994), p. 11.
[615] Villehardouin, 11, p. 82, and 12, p. 92.
[616] Fine (1994), p. 63.
[617] Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam, Ordinis Minorem 1204, MGH SS XXXII, p. 25.
[618] Villehardouin, 13, p. 96.
[619] Georgius Akropolites 8, p. 15.
[620] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 1, p. 549.
[621] Boehmer, F. (1868) Fontes rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 323.
[622] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 1, p. 549.
[623] Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Annales 1191, MGH SS XIX, p. 325.
[624] Annales Casenses 1193, MGH SS XIX, p. 317.
[625] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Alexii Comneni fratris Isaacii Angeli, Liber 2, 1, p. 635.
[626] WTC XXIII.XVI, p. 24, and XXIV.IX, p. 118.
[627] Continuatio Admuntensis 1194, MGH SS IX, p. 587.
[628] Boehmer, F. (1868) Fontes rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 323.
[629] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 112.
[630] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 115.
[631] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 1, p. 549.
[632] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 112.
[633] Sturdza (1999), p. 476.
[634] Sturdza (1999), p. 477.
[635] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, pp. 117-18.
[636] Niketas Choniates, pp. 718-26, cited in Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 119.
[637] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 119.
[638] Gardner (1912), p. 47.
[639] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, pp. 120-1.
[640] Sturdza (1999), p. 207.
[641] Fennell, J. (1983) The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200-1304 (Longman), p. 24.
[642] Boehmer (1868) Fontes rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 323.
[643] Gardner (1912), p. 83.
[644] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber III style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 9, p. 109.
[645] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 6, p. 489.
[646] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 7, p. 497.
[647] Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam, Ordinis Minorem 1185, MGH SS XXXII, p. 4.
[648] lang=ES> ES II 179.
[649] lang=ES>Continuatio Admuntensislang=ES> 1203, MGH SS IX, p. 590.
[650] Annales Mellicenses 1203, MGH SS IX, p. 506.
[651] Monumenta Necrologica S Rudperti Salisburgensis, Salzburg Necrologies, p. 91.
[652] Necrologium Monasterii Campi Liliorum, Passau Necrologies (II), p. 368.
[653] Monumenta Necrologica Claustroneoburgensis, Passau Necrologies (II), p. 3.
[654] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 120.
[655] Gardner (1912), p. 48.
[656] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 122.
[657] Gardner (1912), p. 63, and Sturdza (1999), p. 207.
[658] Niketas Choniates, Alexius Ducas Murzuflus, 3, p. 755.
[659] Niketas Choniates, Alexius Ducas Murzuflus, 1, p. 749.
[660] Niketas Choniates, Alexius Ducas Murzuflus, 3, p. 755.
[661] Georgius Akropolites 5, p. 10.
[662] lang=ES> Villehardouin, 14, p. 99.
[663] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber III, 67, p. 109.
[664] Cedrenus II, col. 331.
[665] Cedrenus II, col. 346.
[666] Skylitzes, col. 422.
[667] Alexeiad, Book 1, pp. 37-8.
[668] Alexeiad, Book 1, pp. 39-40.
[669] Alexeiad, Book 1, pp. 40-1.
[670] Nikephoros Bryenniosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber III style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 67, p. 109.
[671] lang=ES>Nikephoros Bryennioslang=ES> Liber III, 67, p. 109.
[672] lang=ES> Alexeiad, Preface, p. 19.
[673] lang=ES> Niketas Choniates, Liber II Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 7, p. 125.
[674] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber IV style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 12, p. 165.
[675] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 4, p. 210.
[676] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[677] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Isaacii Angeli, Liber 3, 2, p. 556.
[678] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[679] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[680] REB 63 (2005), pp. 41-71.
[681] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 4, p. 210.
[682] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber V style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 4, p. 210.
[683] MB, in a private email to the author dated 8 Nov 2006.
[684] Classen, J. (ed.) (1839-41) Theophanes Chronographia, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ Vols. I and II (Bonn) AM 6258.
[685] Theophanes AM 6263.
[686] Bekker, I. (ed.) (1834) Theophylacti Simocattæ Historiarum, Genesius Regum, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn) lang=ES>Genesius, Liber 1, De Leone Amalekita, p. 11.
[687] Ostrogorsky, G. (1952) Geschichte des byzantinischen Staates, French translation (1977) Histoire de l'Etat Byzantin (Payot), p. 232.
[688] 17 Nov 1104 according to Sturdza (1999), p. 274.
[689] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 11, p. 32.
[690] Alexeiad, Book 2, pp. 92-4.
[691] Alexeiad, Book 3, IV.
[692] Nikephoros Bryennios Liber I, 6, p. 24.
[693] Alexeiad, Book 3, p. 111.
[694] Georgius Akropolites 49, p. 98.
[695] Sturdza (1999), p. 344.
[696] Sturdza (1999), p. 344.
[697] Cedrenus II, col. 295.
[698] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber II style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 3, p. 33.
[699] Ioannes Kinnamosstyle="FONT-STYLE: normal"> Liber II style="FONT-STYLE: normal">, 13, p. 70.
[700] Fine (1994), p. 9.
[701] Fine (1994), p. 14.
[702] Niketas Choniates, Imperiii Isaacii Angeli, Liber 1, 7, p. 502.
[703] Gardner (1912), pp. 72-3.
[704] Fine (1994), p. 85.
[705] Villehardouin, 18, p. 133.
[706] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1205 and 1235, MGH SS XXIII, pp. 885 and 939.
[707] Bekker, I. (ed.) (1835) Georgii Pachymeris De Michaele et Andronico Palaeologis, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn) Vol I, De Michaele Palaeologo, Liber II, 5, p. 97.